Examples of Broca's area in the following topics:
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- These functions originate
within the primary motor cortex and other frontal lobe motor areas where
actions are planned.
- Damage to motor areas of cortex can lead to
certain types of motor neuron disease.
- Motor portions of language
are attributed to Broca's area within the frontal lobe.
- Speech comprehension is
attributed to Wernicke's area, at the temporal-parietal lobe junction.
- Damage
to the Broca's area results in expressive aphasia (non-fluent aphasia) while
damage to Wernicke's area results in receptive aphasia.
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- Language abilities are
localized in the left hemisphere in Broca's area for language expression and Wernicke's
area for language reception.
- The association areas are organized as distributed
networks, and each network connects areas distributed across widely spaced
regions of the cortex.
- The association areas integrate information from different receptors or sensory areas and relate the information to past experiences.
- Then the brain makes a decision and sends nerve impulses to the motor areas to elicit responses.
- Locations of brain areas historically associated with
language processing.
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- Examples of well-known aphasia subtypes are Broca's aphasia, also called expressive aphasia, and Wernicke's aphasia, also called receptive aphasia.
- The area and extent of brain damage or atrophy determines the type of aphasia and its symptoms.
- Individuals with expressive aphasia (also called Broca's aphasia) have lesions to the medial insular cortex.
- These are the areas primarily responsible for language and injury leads to an inability to process speech.
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- The hypothalamus (derived from the Greek for "under chamber") is a portion of the brain that contains a number of small, distinct nuclei with various functions and less anatomically distinct areas.
- The hypothalamus is thus richly connected with many parts of the central nervous system, including the brainstem, reticular formation and autonomic zones, and the limbic forebrain (particularly the amygdala, septum, diagonal band of Broca, olfactory bulbs, and cerebral cortex).
- Stimulation of this area causes increased food intake.
- Bilateral lesion in this area causes complete cessation of food intake.
- Some differences are apparent even in gross neuroanatomy, most notably is the sexually dimorphic nucleus within the preoptic area.
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- The motor areas, arranged like a pair of headphones across both cortex hemispheres, are involved in the control of voluntary movements.
- The motor areas of the brain are located in both hemispheres of the cortex.
- The motor areas are very closely related to the control of voluntary movements, especially fine movements performed by the hand.
- The right half of the motor area controls the left side of the body, and the left half of the motor area controls the right side of the body.
- The basal nuclei receive
input from the substantia nigra of the midbrain and motor areas of the cerebral
cortex and send signals back to both of these locations.
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- Sensory areas of the brain receive
and process sensory information, including sight, touch, taste, smell, and hearing.
- Sensory areas are the areas of the brain that receive
and process sensory information.
- The cortex is commonly described as composed of three parts: sensory, motor, and association areas.
- The primary gustatory area is near the face representation within the
postcentral gyrus.
- Areas with
lots of sensory innervation, such as the fingertips and the lips, require more cortical
area to process finer sensation.
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- The primary somatosensory area of the human cortex is located in the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe.
- The postcentral gyrus is the location of the primary somatosensory area, the area of the cortex dedicated to the processing of touch information.
- The surface area of cortex dedicated to a body part correlates with the amount of somatosensory input from that area.
- For example, there is a large area of cortex devoted to sensation in the hands, while the back requires a much smaller area.
- Brain: The postcentral gyrus contains Brodmann areas (BA) 3a, 3b, 1,
and 2 that make up the somatosensory cortex.
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- This is the point-for-point correspondence of an area of the body to a specific point on the central nervous system.
- Typically, the area of the body corresponds to a point on the primary somatosensory cortex (postcentral gyrus).
- Areas such as the appendages, digits, and face can draw their sensory locations upon the somatosensory cortex.
- The areas which are finely controlled (i.e., the digits) have larger portions of the somatosensory cortex whereas areas which are coarsely controlled (i.e., the trunk) have smaller portions.
- Areas such as the viscera do not have sensory locations on the post central gyrus.
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- The primary somatosensory area in the human cortex is located in the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe.
- This is the main sensory receptive area for the sense of touch.
- Like other sensory areas, there is a map of sensory space called a homunculus at this location.
- Areas of this part of the human brain map to certain areas of the body, dependent on the amount or importance of somatosensory input from that area.
- For example, there is a large area of cortex devoted to sensation in the hands, while the back has a much smaller area.
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- A dermatome is an area of skin that is supplied by a single spinal nerve, and a myotome is a group of muscles that a single spinal nerve root innervates.
- A dermatome is an area of skin that is supplied by a single spinal nerve .
- Although the general pattern is similar in all people, the precise areas of innervation are as unique to an individual as fingerprints.
- The rash of shingles is almost always restricted to a specific dermatome, such as on the chest, leg, or arm caused by the residual
varicella zoster virus infection of the nerve that supplies that area of skin.
- Dermatomes are areas of skin supplied by sensory neurons that arise from a spinal nerve ganglion.