Examples of directional terms in the following topics:
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- Positional terms give precise descriptions of anatomical relationships and allow for consistency when referencing anatomical positions.
- Directional terms provide precise descriptions of a structure's location.
- Standard anatomical terms for direction include:
- Identify the anatomical terms that define the human body in space
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- Regional directional terms include anterior and posterior, dorsal and ventral, and lateral and medial.
- Two primary terms are used to describe the main regions of the body:
- These are the two basic categories of regional terms; however, many other terms are used to describe smaller regions within the axial and appendicular regions.
- Many types of axes can give regional direction.
- Any pair of corresponding directional terms can be combined to form an axis (such as proximal-distal for an appendage).
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- When an organism is in its standard anatomical position, positional descriptive terms are used to indicate regions and features.
- In this position, a person is standing upright with the lower limbs together or slightly apart, feet flat on the floor and facing forward, upper limbs at the sides with the palms facing forward and thumbs pointing away from the body, and head and eyes directed straight ahead.
- The positions of the limbs, particularly the arms, have important implications for directional terms in those appendages.
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- Muscle fascia is predominately composed of
cross-linked collagen and elastin fibers oriented parallel to the direction of
muscle force, making them able to resist high-tension forces while remaining somewhat elastic.
- It extends inwards and becomes the
perimysium, then into the muscle separating
muscle fibers into small bundles termed fascicles.
- Skeletal muscle is surrounded by a thick outer layer of connective tissue termed the fascia.
- Within this is a layer termed the epimysium which splits inwards into the muscle as the perimysium dividing muscle fibers into groups termed fascicle.
- Each fascicle is surrounded by another layer of connective tissue termed the endomysium.
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- Advances in bone repair include osseointegration: the direct structural and functional connection between bone and an artificial implant.
- Osseointegration refers to the direct structural and functional connection between living bone and the surface of a load-bearing artificial implant.
- To be termed osseointegration the connection between the bone and the implant need not be 100%.
- The essence of osseointegration derives more from the stability of the fixation more than the degree of contact in histologic terms.
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- The hepatic portal system is responsible for directing blood from parts of the gastrointestinal tract to the liver.
- It is responsible for directing blood from the region of the gastrointestinal tract between the esophagus and rectum and also includes venous drainage from the supplementary organs such as the spleen and pancreas.
- As the blood received from the hepatic portal vein may be contaminated with pathogens such as bacteria the liver is rich in specialised immune cells termed kupffer cells which are able to detect and destroy foreign organisms.
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- Receptors which can directly influence gene expression are termed nuclear receptors.
- Distinguish between the hormone mechanisms of direct gene activation and second-messenger system
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- The movement of materials across the capillary wall is dependent on pressure and is bi-directional depending on the net filtration pressure derived from the four Starling forces.
- When moving from the bloodstream into the interstitium bulk flow is termed filtration, which is favoured by blood hydrostatic pressure and interstitial fluid oncotic pressure.
- Alternatively when moving from the interstitium into the bloodstreatm the process is termed re-absorption and is favoured by blood oncotic pressure and interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure.
- Blood continues to flow around the nephron until it reaches another capillary rich region termed the peritubular capillaries, where the previously filtered molecules are reabsorbed from the tubule of the nephron.
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- Tracheotomy consists of making an incision on the anterior aspect of the neck and opening a direct airway via an incision in the trachea.
- Among the oldest described surgical procedures, tracheotomy (also referred to as pharyngotomy, laryngotomy, and tracheostomy) consists of making an incision on the anterior aspect of the neck and opening a direct airway through an incision in the trachea as shown in .
- In the chronic setting, indications for tracheotomy include the need for long-term mechanical ventilation and tracheal toilet (e.g. comatose patients, or extensive surgery involving the head and neck).
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- In the United Kingdom, where over ten types of copper-containing IUDs are available, the term IUD only refers to inert or copper-containing devices.
- Hormonal intrauterine contraceptives are considered to be a different type of birth control, and they are distinguished with the term intrauterine system or IUS.
- The Paragard T 380a is 32 mm (1.26") in the horizontal direction (top of the T), and 36 mm (1.42") in the vertical direction (leg of the T).