end-stage renal disease

(noun)

The indication for a kidney transplant is end-stage renal disease (ESRD), regardless of the primary cause.

Related Terms

Examples of end-stage renal disease in the following topics:

  • Kidney Transplant

    • Kidney transplantation is the organ transplant of a kidney into a patient with end-stage renal disease.
    • Kidney transplantation, or renal transplantation, is the organ transplant of a kidney into a patient with end-stage renal disease.
    • Living-donor renal transplants are further characterized as genetically related (living-related) or non-related (living-unrelated) transplants, depending on whether a biological relationship exists between the donor and recipient.
    • The indication for kidney transplantation is end-stage renal disease (ESRD), regardless of the primary cause.
    • The first cadaveric kidney transplantation in the United States was performed on June 17, 1950, on Ruth Tucker, a 44-year-old woman with polycystic kidney disease, at Little Company of Mary Hospital in Evergreen Park, Illinois.

  • Polycystic Kidney Disease

    • Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is a cystic genetic disorder of the kidneys.
    • There are two types of PKD: autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), and the less-common autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD).
    • Polycystic kidney disease is one of the most common life-threatening genetic diseases, affecting an estimated 12.5 million people worldwide.
    • Studies show that 10% of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients treated with hemodialysis in Europe and the U.S. were initially diagnosed and treated for ADPKD.
    • As the cysts accumulate fluid, they enlarge, separate entirely from the nephron, compress the neighboring renal parenchyma, and progressively compromise renal function.

  • Edema Caused by Loss of Plasma Proteins

    • Kidney disease is one of the most serious complications of diabetes.
    • Eventually, the kidneys may fail completely so that a person with the disease needs hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, or a kidney transplant to survive.
    • It is usually good in children, because minimal change disease responds very well to steroids and does not cause chronic renal failure.
    • However other causes, such as focal segmental glomerulosclerosis frequently lead to end stage renal disease.
    • It can be caused by systemic diseases, pregnancy in some women, and as a result of heart failure or varicose veins.

  • Dialysis

    • In chronic or end stage kidney failure, your kidneys do not get better and you will need dialysis for the rest of your life.
    • It is used primarily to provide an artificial replacement for lost kidney function in people with renal failure.
    • Dialysis may be used for those with an acute disturbance in kidney function (acute kidney injury, previously acute renal failure), or progressive but chronically worsening kidney function–a state known as chronic kidney disease stage 5 (previously chronic renal failure or end-stage kidney disease).
    • The latter form may develop over months or years, but in contrast to acute kidney injury is not usually reversible, and dialysis is regarded as a "holding measure" until a renal transplant can be performed, or sometimes as the only supportive measure in those for whom a transplant would be inappropriate.
    • The acidic metabolism end-products that the body cannot get rid of via respiration are also excreted through the kidneys.

  • Renal Disease and Failure

    • In renal failure, there may be problems with increased fluid in the body (leading to swelling), increased acid levels, raised levels of potassium, decreased levels of calcium, increased levels of phosphate, and in later stages, anemia.
    • Renal failure can be divided into two categories: acute kidney injury or chronic kidney disease .The type of renal failure is determined by the trend in the serum creatinine.
    • Someone in early stage kidney disease may not feel sick or notice symptoms as they occur.
    • Acute renal failure can be caused by severe hypotension or severe glomerular disease.
    • Kidney transplantation requires a person to be at the end stage of renal failure.

  • Developmental Changes in Fluids

    • Hormonal, renal, and behavioral control of body fluids function to some extent in utero.
    • Hormonal mechanisms including the renin-angiotensin system, aldosterone, and vasopressin are involved in modifying fetal renal excretion, reabsorption of sodium and water, and regulation of vascular volume.
    • Since diseases, such as hypertension, can be traced to fetal origin, it is important to understand the development of fetal regulatory mechanisms for body fluid homeostasis in this early stage of life.

  • Tubular Secretion

    • Tubular secretion is the transfer of materials from peritubular capillaries to the renal tubular lumen; it is the opposite process of reabsorption.
    • Active transport—the movement of molecules via ATPase pumps that transport the substance through the renal epithelial cell into the lumen of the nephron.
    • Renal secretion is different from reabsorption because it deals with filtering and cleaning substances from the blood, rather than retaining them.
    • Tubular secretion occurs throughout the different parts of the nephron, from the proximal convoluted tubule to the collecting duct at the end of the nephron.
    • At this final stage it is only approximately one percent of the originally filtered volume, consisting mostly of water with highly diluted amounts of urea, creatinine, and variable concentrations of ions.

  • Anion Regulation

    • Adjustments in respiratory and renal functions allow the body to regulate the levels of these ions in the extracellular fluid (ECF).
    • The paths of secretion and reabsorption of chloride ions in the renal system follow the paths of sodium ions.
    • Hypochloremia, or lower-than-normal blood chloride levels, can occur because of defective renal tubular absorption.
    • In people who have cystic fibrosis, chloride levels in sweat are two to five times those of normal levels; therefore, analysis of sweat is often used in the diagnosis of the disease.
    • Bicarbonate ions result from a chemical reaction that starts with carbon dioxide (CO2) and water - two molecules that are produced at the end of aerobic metabolism.

  • Medical Uses of Hematopoietic Growth Factors

    • Hemopoetic growth factors show promise in improving the lives of those suffering from kidney disease or recovering from chemotherapy.
    • Recombinant erythropoietin (EPO) is very effective in treating the diminished red blood cell production that accompanies end-stage kidney disease.
    • Besides those on dialysis, erythropoietin is used most commonly to treat anemia in people with chronic kidney disease who are not on dialysis (those in stage 3 or 4 CKD) and those living with a kidney transplant.
    • Erythropoietin has been shown to be beneficial in certain neurological diseases like schizophrenia.
    • Erythropoietin is a glycoprotein hormone that controls erythropoiesis (RBC production) and is used to treat anemia resulting from chronic kidney disease and myelodysplasia resulting from the treatment of cancer.

  • Arterial Blood Pressure

    • The risk of cardiovascular disease increases progressively above 115/75 mmHg.
    • Clinical trials demonstrate that people who maintain arterial pressures at the low end of these ranges have much better long-term cardiovascular health.
    • Persistent hypertension is one of the risk factors for strokes, heart attacks, heart failure, and arterial aneurysms, and is the leading cause of chronic renal failure.
    • In the past, most attention was paid to diastolic pressure, but now we know that both high systolic pressure and high pulse pressure (the numerical difference between systolic and diastolic pressures) are also risk factors for disease.