Examples of protein in the following topics:
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- Proteins are composed of 20 different amino acids, about half of which are essential, meaning they must be obtained from the diet.
- In animals, amino acids are obtained through the consumption of foods containing protein .
- Ingested proteins are then broken down into amino acids through digestion, which typically involves denaturation of the protein through exposure to acid and hydrolysis by enzymes called proteases.
- This use of protein as a fuel is particularly important under starvation conditions as it allows the body's own proteins to be used to support life, particularly those found in muscle.
- While adequate protein is required for building skeletal muscle and other tissues, there is ongoing debate regarding the use and necessity of high-protein diets in anaerobic exercise in particular weight training and bodybuilding.
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- Anchor proteins, found inside each cell.
- These are transmembrane adhesion proteins, whose
main portions are located in the extracellular space.
- This intracellular
(within the cell) tail then links up to catenin proteins to form the cadherin-catenin
complex.
- Principal interactions of structural proteins at cadherin-based adherens junction.
- Actin filaments are associated with adherens junctions in addition to several other actin-binding proteins.
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- Protein and carbohydrate metabolism are affected during pregnancy and maternal insulin resistance can lead to gestational diabetes.
- During pregnancy, both protein metabolism and carbohydrate metabolism are affected.
- One kilogram of extra protein is deposited, with half going to the fetus and placenta, and another half going to uterine contractile proteins, breast glandular tissue, plasma protein, and hemoglobin.
- Insulin binds to its receptor (1) on the cell membrane which in turn starts many protein activation cascades (2).
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- In the absence of ligand, type II nuclear receptors are often complexed with co-repressor proteins.
- The G-protein is bound to the inner membrane of the cell and consists of three subunits: alpha, beta and gamma.
- The G-protein functions as a "transducer. " Upon binding to the receptor, it releases a GTP molecule, at which point the alpha subunit of the G-protein breaks free from the beta and gamma subunits and is able to move along the inner membrane until it contacts another membrane-bound protein: the "primary effector. " The primary effector then has an action, which creates a signal that can diffuse within the cell.
- In the absence of ligand, the TR is bound to corepressor protein.
- Ligand binding to TR causes a dissociation of corepressor and recruitment of coactivator protein, which, in turn, recruits additional proteins such as RNA polymerase that are responsible for transcription of downstream DNA into RNA and eventually protein, which results in a change in cell function.
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- Nephrotic syndrome is a nonspecific disorder in which the kidneys are damaged, causing them to leak large amounts of protein.
- Human serum albumin is the most abundant protein in human blood plasma.
- Albumin constitutes about half of the blood serum protein.
- The various causes of albuminuria, can be discriminated based on the amount of protein excreted.
- Nephrotic syndrome is a nonspecific disorder in which the kidneys are damaged, causing them to leak large amounts of protein (proteinuria at least 3.5 grams per day per 1.73m2 body surface area) from the blood into the urine.
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- Peptide hormone receptors are often transmembrane proteins.
- They are also called G-protein-coupled receptors, sensory receptors or ionotropic receptors.
- The receptors themselves are zinc-finger proteins.
- In the absence of ligand, the TR is bound to corepressor protein.
- Ligand binding to TR causes a dissociation of corepressor and recruitment of coactivator protein which in turn recruit additional proteins such as RNA polymerase that are responsible for transcription of downstream DNA into RNA and eventually protein which results in a change in cell function.
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- Cytokines are small cell-signaling protein molecules that are secreted by numerous cells.
- Cytokines can be classified as proteins, peptides, or glycoproteins.
- Interferons are protein cytokines that have anti-viral functions.
- It is a protein released by NK cells, macrophages, and helper T cells, typically in systemic immune responses.
- It is also stimulates acute phase reaction in the liver, which is a component of systemic immune system activation where the liver makes proteins involved in immune system response, such as complement proteins.
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- Although both ionotropic and metabotropic receptors are activated by neurotransmitters, ionotropic receptors are channel linked receptors and metabotropic receptors initiate a cascade of molecules via G-proteins.
- One of them is ligand-gated ion channels (LGICs) inotropic receptor and the other is metabotropic G- protein coupled receptor.
- It consists of a pentamer of protein subunits, with two binding sites for acetylcholine, which, when bound, alter the receptor's configuration and cause an internal pore to open.
- The metabotropic -G protein-coupled receptors have seven hydrophobic transmembrane domains.
- When the neurotransmitter binds to the receptor there is an activation via the G-protein, which later activates the secondary messengers.
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- Plasma is about 55% of total volume of blood; it contains proteins and clotting factors and acts to transport nutrients and remove waste.
- The largest group of solutes in plasma contains three important proteins: albumins, globulins, and clotting proteins.
- Albumins are the most common group of proteins in plasma and consist of nearly two-thirds of them (60-80%).
- Clotting proteins are mainly produced in the liver.
- Serum still contains albumin and globulins, which are often called serum proteins as a result.
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- The cytosol or intracellular fluid consists mostly of water, dissolved ions , small molecules, and large water-soluble molecules (such as proteins).
- The majority of these non-protein molecules have a molecular mass of less than 300 Da.
- The cytosol also contains much higher amounts of charged macromolecules, such as proteins and nucleic acids, than the outside of the cell.
- Plasma is mostly water (93% by volume) and contains dissolved proteins (major proteins are fibrinogens, globulins and albumins), glucose, clotting factors, mineral ions (Na+, Ca++, Mg++, HCO3- Cl- etc.), hormones and carbon dioxide (plasma being the main medium for excretory product transportation).