Satellite glial cells

(noun)

These cells line the exterior surface of neurons in the PNS and neuron cell bodies within ganglia.

Related Terms

Examples of Satellite glial cells in the following topics:

  • Clusters of Neuronal Cell Bodies

    • Ganglia are composed mainly of neuron cell bodies (somata) and dendritic structures.
    • Satellite glial cells are a type of glial cell that line the exterior surface of neurons in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) .
    • Satellite glial cells (SGCs) also surround neuron cell bodies within ganglia.
    • Satellite cells also act as protective, cushioning cells.
    • Satellite glial cells are expressed throughout the sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia in their respective nervous system divisions.

  • Types of Nervous Tissue

    • Neuroglia are also called "glial cells."
    • These glial cells are involved in many specialized functions apart from support of the neurons.
    • In the PNS, satellite cells and Schwann cells are the two kinds of neuroglia.
    • Astrocytes are shaped like a star and are the most abundant glial cell in the CNS.
    • Satellite cells surround neuron cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system (PNS).

  • Capacity of Different Tissues for Repair

    • Neuroregeneration refers to the regrowth or repair of nervous tissue, cells, or cell products.
    • It is limited by the inhibitory influences of the glial and extracellular environment.
    • In undamaged muscle, the majority of satellite cells are quiescent; they neither differentiate nor undergo cell division.
    • In response to mechanical strain, satellite cells become activated.
    • Activated satellite cells initially proliferate as skeletal myoblasts before undergoing myogenic differentiation.

  • Neuroglia of the Peripheral Nervous System

    • The two kinds of glia cells in the PNS, schwann cells and satellite cells, each have unique functions.
    • The PNS has two kinds of neuroglia: schwann cells and satellite cells.
    • Schwann cells provide myelination to peripheral neurons.
    • Satellite cells are small glia that surround neurons' sensory ganglia in the ANS.
    • PNS satellite glia are very sensitive to injury and may exacerbate pathological pain.

  • Neuroglia of the Central Nervous System

    • Neuroglia in the CNS include astrocytes, microglial cells, ependymal cells and oligodendrocytes.
    • Astrocytes are star shaped delicate branching glial cells.
    • Ependymal cells are another glial subtype that line the ventricles of the CNS.
    • Oligodendrocytes are cells that have fewer processes compared to astrocytes.
    • Oligodendrocytes form the electrical insulation around the axons of CNS nerve cells.

  • Muscle Development

    • Myoblasts that do not form muscle fibers dedifferentiate back into satellite (myosatellite) cells .
    • Satellite cells are able to differentiate and fuse to augment existing muscle fibers and to form new ones.
    • In undamaged muscle, the majority of satellite cells are quiescent; they neither differentiate nor undergo cell division.
    • In response to mechanical strain, satellite cells become activated and initially proliferate as skeletal myoblasts before undergoing myogenic differentiation.
    • Satellite cells are located between the basement membrane and sarcolemma (cell membrane) of individual muscle fibers.

  • Creatine Supplementation

    • This may be due to improved water gain and retention, but it has also been suggested that it is instead due to the effect of creatine on satellite cells within muscle.
    • Specifically, creatine induces greater metabolic activity in satellite cells, and also may induce an increase in the number of myonuclei provided to muscle fibers by satellite cells.

  • Organization of the Nervous System

    • The nervous system is a network of cells called neurons that coordinate actions and transmit signals between different parts of the body.
    • Central to the functioning of the nervous system is an extensive network of specialized cells called neurons.
    • Neurons send signals along thin fibers called axons and communicate with other cells by releasing chemicals called neurotransmitters at cell-cell junctions called synapses .
    • Along with neurons, the nervous system relies on the function of other specialized cells called glial cells, or glia, that provide structural and metabolic support to the nervous system.
    • When this signal reaches a synapse, it provokes release of neurotransmitter molecules, which bind to receptor molecules located in the the target cell.

  • Regeneration of Nerve Fibers

    • Neuroregeneration refers to the regrowth or repair of nervous tissues, cells, or cell products.
    • The proximal axons are able to regrow as long as the cell body is intact, and they have made contact with the Schwann cells in the endoneurial channel.
    • It is limited by the inhibitory influences of the glial and extracellular environment.
    • Glial scars rapidly form and the glia actually produce factors that inhibit remyelination and axon repair.
    • All these factors contribute to the formation of what is known as a glial scar, which axons cannot grow across.

  • Muscular Atrophy and Hypertrophy

    • Muscle atrophy is a decrease in muscle mass; muscle hypertrophy is an increase in muscle mass due to an increase in muscle cell size.
    • Though not completely clear, it is suspected that the cause of sarcopenia is a combination of the decline of satellite cells to regenerate cells of skeletal muscle fibers, as well as a decreased sensitivity or availability of hormone cues, including growth factors, that stimulate maintenance muscles through regeneration of muscle fiber cells from satellite cells.
    • Muscle hypertrophy is an increase in the size of a muscle through an increase in the size of its component cells.
    • It differs from muscle hyperplasia, which is the formation of new muscle cells.
    • A range of stimuli can increase the volume of muscle cells, including strength training or anaerobic training.