trans fats

Examples of trans fats in the following topics:

• Lipids: Sources, Uses in the Body, and Dietary Requirements

  • Fats store energy, facilitate absorption of fat-soluble vitamins, aid brain growth and development, and protect against many diseases.
  • Most of the fats found in food are triglycerides, cholesterol, and phospholipids.
  • Some dietary fat is necessary for the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K) and carotenoids.
  • In contrast, the consumption of trans fats, such as those present in partially hydrogenated vegetable oils, are now known to be a risk factor for cardiovascular disease.
  • Several studies have suggested that total dietary fat intake is linked to obesity and diabetes.

• Bile

  • Bile acts as a surfactant, helping to emulsify the fats in the food, in the same way in which soap emulsifies fat.
  • When exposed to water mixed with fat, like in the small intestine, the bile salts congregate around a fat droplet, with their hydrophobic side pointing towards the fat and their hydrophillic side pointing towards the water .
  • This increases the surface area of the fat, allowing greater access by the pancreatic enzymes that break down fats.
  • Since bile increases the absorption of fats, it is an important part of the absorption of the fat-soluble vitamins, such as the vitamins D, E, K, and A.
  • Bile salts congregate around fat, separating them into small droplets called micelles.

• Liposuction

  • Liposuction, also known as lipoplasty ("fat modeling"), liposculpture suction lipectomy ("suction-assisted fat removal"), or simply lipo, is a cosmetic surgery operation that removes fat from many different sites on the human body.
  • Several factors limit the amount of fat that can be safely removed in one session.
  • There are negative aspects to removing too much fat.
  • In general, fat is removed via a cannula (a hollow tube) and aspirator (a suction device).
  • The suctioned fat cells are permanently gone.

• The Liver and Gallbladder

  • The liver makes bile, which is essential for the digestion of fats, and the gallbladder stores the bile until it is needed.
  • The bile produced in the liver is essential for the digestion of fats.
  • When food containing fat enters the digestive tract, the secretion of cholecystokinin (CCK) is stimulated, and the gallbladder releases the bile into the small intestine.
  • The bile emulsifies fats and neutralizes acids in partly digested food.
  • After being stored in the gallbladder, the bile becomes more concentrated than when it left the liver, increasing its potency and intensifying its effect in fats.

• Absorptive State

  • During this sleep period, anabolic processes are busy building up stores of fats and glycogen that will be needed in the future to provide energy for the growing baby.
  • The glucose then travels to the blood or is converted to glycogen and fat (triglyceride) for energy storage.
  • The glycogen and fat will be stored in the liver and adipose tissue, respectively, as reserves for the post-absorptive state.
  • This main product of fat digestion is first broken down to fatty acids and glycerol through hydrolysis using lipoprotein lipase.
  • They may also be converted to fat for energy storage.

• Breast Augmentation and Reduction

  • Breast augmentation denotes the breast implant and fat-graft mammoplasty procedures for correcting the defects, and for enhancing the size, form, and feel of a woman's breasts.
  • The fat-transfer approach effects the augmentation, and corrects the contour defects of the breast hemisphere with grafts of autologous adipocyte fat tissue.
  • In non-implant breast augmentation practice, some fat-graft injection approaches feature tissue engineering, which is the pre-operative external tissue expansion of the recipient site.
  • In non-surgical practice, the corrective approaches might consist either of an externally-applied vacuum device, which will expand the tissues of the recipient site, or of oral medications; yet, in most instances, the medium-volume, fat-graft augmentation of the breast is limited to one brassière cup-size, or less.

• Chemical Digestion of Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, and Nucleic Acids

  • Digestion of certain fats begins in the mouth, where lingual lipase breaks down short chain lipids into diglycerides.
  • The presence of fat in the small intestine produces hormones that stimulate the release of pancreatic lipase from the pancreas, and bile from the liver, enabling the breakdown of fats into fatty acids.
  • Complete digestion of one molecule of fat (a triglyceride) results in three fatty acid molecules and one glycerol molecule.

• Administering Hormones

  • Hormone replacement therapy for transgender, gender variant, and transsexual people introduces hormones associated with the gender that the patient identifies with (notably testosterone for trans men and estrogen for trans women).

• Mechanisms of Chemical Digestion

  • ., polysaccharides, proteins, fats, nucleic acids) to smaller ones (i.e., monosaccharides, amino acids, fatty acids, nucleotides) .
  • Fats are digested by lipases which hydrolyze the glycerol-fatty acid bonds.
  • Of particular importance in fat digestion and absorption are bile salts which emulsify the fats allowing for their solution as micelles in chyme, and increasing the surface area on which the pancreatic lipases can operate.
  • Pancreatic lipase accounts for the majority of fat digestion and operates in conjuction with the bile salts.
  • A simplified outline of the catabolism of proteins, carbohydrates and fats

• Carbohydrates: Sources, Uses in the Body, and Dietary Requirements

  • Carbohydrates are not necessary building blocks of other molecules, and the body can obtain all its energy from protein and fats.
  • The brain and neurons generally cannot burn fat for energy but use solely glucose or ketones.
  • Carbohydrate and protein contain 4 kilocalories per gram, while fats contain 9 kilocalories per gram.