bystander effect
(noun)
When someone is less likely to help another if other potential helpers are present.
Examples of bystander effect in the following topics:
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Noninvolvement and the Diffusion of Responsibility
- Psychological experiments have demonstrated that individuals are unlikely to consider a situation abnormal if there are sufficient bystanders who act as though the situation is conventional.
- The bystander effect is another phenomenon that is closely related to diffusion of responsibility.
- The probability of helping victims is inversely related to the number of bystanders; the greater the number of bystanders, the less likely it is that any one of them will help.
- The mere presence of bystanders greatly decreases intervention because as the number of bystanders increases, any given bystander is less likely to interpret the incident as a problem and less likely to assume responsibility for taking action.
- Give examples of the bystander effect, diffusion of responsibility, and anomie in contemporary society
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Power
- Researchers have documented the "bystander effect" and found that powerful people are three times as likely to first offer help to a stranger in distress.
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Group Influence
- ., the audience effect), or when competing against another (i.e., the coactor effect).
- This effect has been demonstrated in a variety of species.
- Diffusion of responsibility (also called the bystander effect) is a social phenomenon which tends to occur in groups of people above a certain critical size when responsibility is not explicitly assigned.
- The strongest effect has been found when people rate themselves on abilities at which they are totally incompetent.
- The effect has been found when people compare themselves to others on many different abilities and personality traits:
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Informal Means of Control
- Informal social control—the reactions of individuals and groups that bring about conformity to norms and laws—includes peer and community pressure, bystander intervention in a crime, and collective responses such as citizen patrol groups.
- Agents of socialization can differ in effects.
- Informal social control—the reactions of individuals and groups that bring about conformity to norms and laws—includes peer and community pressure, bystander intervention in a crime, and collective responses such as citizen patrol groups.
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Class, Crime, and the Criminal Justice System
- Research suggests that police are more likely to make an arrest if the offense is serious, if bystanders are present, or if the suspect is of a visible minority.
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Violence in Schools
- Typically, a group of bullies takes advantage of, or isolates, one student in particular and gains the loyalty of bystanders who, in many cases, want to avoid becoming victims themselves.
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Teachers' Expectations
- The Pygmalion effect was famously applied to the classroom in the Rosenthal-Jacobson study, published in 1968.
- This is a case of a self-fulfilling prophecy, or the Pygmalion effect.
- Within sociology, the effect is often cited with regard to education and social class.
- The Pygmalion effect was famously applied to the classroom in the Rosenthal-Jacobson study, published in 1968.
- How might teachers' expectations create a Pygmalion effect?
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Children of Divorce and Impact of Divorce
- Sociologists and psychologists have found that the effects of divorce heavily depend on the child's age at the time the divorce occurs.
- Sociologists and psychologists have conducted research that shows the effects of divorce heavily depend on the child's age at the time the divorce occurs.
- Some effects an infant may have include a loss of appetite and an increase in spit up.
- Some of the effects for children at this age may include baby-like behavior such as old toys, a baby blanket, or even wetting the bed.
- Compare and contrast the effects of divorce on infants and adolescents
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Deprivation and Development
- Maternal deprivation theory explains the effects of separating infants and young children from their mother.
- The idea that separation from the female caregiver has profound effects is one with considerable resonance outside the conventional study of child development.
- Feral children provide an example of the effects of severe social deprivation during critical developmental periods.
- Attachment theory may explain why social deprivation has such dire effects for children .
- The idea that separation from the female caregiver has profound effects is one with considerable resonance outside the conventional study of child development.
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The Incest Taboo, Marriage, and the Family
- The most widely held hypothesis proposes that the so-called Westermarck effect discourages adults from engaging in sexual relations with individuals with whom they grew up.
- The existence of the Westermarck effect has achieved some empirical support.
- The Westermarck effect, first proposed by Edvard Westermarck in 1891, is the theory that children reared together, regardless of biological relationship, form a sentimental attachment that is by its nature non-erotic.
- Another school argues that the incest prohibition is a cultural construct that arises as a side effect of a general human preference for group exogamy.
- Analyze the different constructs of the incest taboo, ranging from biological (the Westermarck effect) to cultural (endogamy and exogamy)