income distribution

Examples of income distribution in the following topics:

• Income Distribution

  • While most social scientists see multiple tiers of income distribution within the bottom 99% of earners, the top 1% does hold a disproportionately high percentage of assets.
  • Unequal distribution of income between genders, races, and the population, in general, in the United States has been the frequent subject of study by scholars and institutions.
  • This graph illustrates the unequal distribution of income between groups with different levels of educational attainment.
  • Education is an indicator of class position, meaning that unequal distribution of income by education points to inequality between the classes.
  • Explain the development of income distribution in the US since the 1970's and what is meant by the "Great Divergence"

• Economic measures

  • The Gini coefficient (also known as the Gini index or Gini ratio) is a measure of statistical dispersion intended to represent the income distribution of a nation's residents.
  • The Gini coefficient measures the inequality among values of a frequency distribution.
  • A Gini coefficient of zero expresses perfect equality, where all values are the same (for example, where everyone has the same income).
  • A Gini coefficient of one (or 100%) expresses maximal inequality among values (for example where only one person has all the income).
  • The Gini coefficient was originally proposed as a measure of inequality of income or wealth.

• Religion

  • On the other hand, income, and therefore social class, is related to an individual's denomination.
  • When one looks at average income by religion, there are clear differences.
  • The highest-earning religion on average is Judaism, with an average income of $72,000 in 2000.
  • Jehovah's Witness, Church of God, and Seventh Day Adventists are at the bottom of the income distribution, with $24,000, $26,000, and $31,000 respectively .
  • Household income, an indicator of social class, can also indicate what religious denomination a person is likely to embrace.

• Distribution of Wealth and Income

  • The distribution of wealth and income reveals inequalities among and within countries and the ways in which wealth is redistributed.
  • It differs from the income distribution in that it looks at the distribution of asset ownership in a society, rather than the current income of members of that society.
  • The Gini coefficient measures the amount of wealth or income inequality in a society by plotting the proportion of total income (or wealth) earned by the bottom x percent of the population.
  • In terms of distribution of income, a May 2011 report by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) stated that the gap between rich and poor in OECD countries (most of which are "high income" economies) was at its highest level since the 1970s.
  • As with general wealth distribution, land is also distributed unequally.

• The Lower Middle Class

  • They usually hold college degrees, but often have no graduate degree; they make comfortable incomes, but have low accumulated wealth; their work is largely self-directed, but is not high status.
  • Lower-middle class occupations usually provide comfortable salaries, but put individuals beneath the top third of incomes.
  • In terms of personal income distribution in 2005, that would mean gross annual personal incomes from about $32,500 to $60,000.
  • Since 42% of all households had two income earners, with the majority of those in the top 40% of gross income, household income figures would be significantly higher, ranging from roughly $50,000 to $100,000 annually.
  • They usually hold college degrees, but often do not hold graduate degrees; they make comfortable incomes, but have low accumulated wealth; their work is largely self-directed, but is not high status.

• Introduction to describing one network

  • We learn about the mean of a set of scores on the variable "income."
  • We learn about the Pearson zero-order product moment correlation coefficient for indexing linear association between the distribution of actor's incomes and actor's educational attainment.
  • The application of statistics to social networks is also about describing distributions and relations among distributions.
  • But, rather than describing distributions of attributes of actors (or "variables"), we are concerned with describing the distributions of relations among actors.
  • In attribute analysis, it is often very reasonable to assume that Fred's income and Fred's education are a "trial" that is independent of Sue's income and Sue's education.

• Growing Gap Between Rich and Poor

  • Economic inequality (also known as the gap between rich and poor) consists of disparities in the distribution of wealth and income.
  • Thus, national prosperity does not always correspond to individual prosperity, due to inequality in the internal distribution of wealth.
  • Economic inequality (also known as the gap between rich and poor, income inequality, wealth disparity, or wealth and income differences) consists of disparities in the distribution of wealth (accumulated assets) and income.
  • The Gini coefficient is a statistical measure of the dispersal of wealth or income.
  • The income gap between highly skilled workers and low-skilled or no-skills workers;

• Income

  • Census Bureau data on household incomes is used to inform welfare policy, as benefits are distributed based on expectations about what income is needed to access basic resources like food and healthcare.
  • Salary alone only measures the income from a person's occupation, while total personal income accounts for investments, inheritance, real estate gains, and other sources of wealth.
  • However, in a dual-income household the combined income of both earners, even if they hold relatively low status jobs, can put the household in the upper middle class income bracket.
  • In the United States, the most widely cited personal income statistics are the Bureau of Economic Analysis's personal income and the Census Bureau's per capita money income.
  • The Census Bureau also produces alternative estimates of income and poverty based on broadened definitions of income that include many components that are not included in money income.

• The Feminization of Poverty

  • This trend is not only a consequence of lack of income, but also of lack of opportunities due to gender biases and fixed gender roles in some societies.
  • Though low income is the primary cause of female poverty, there are many interrelated sources of this problem.
  • Lack of income deprives women of basic needs, such as food and shelter, and limits their opportunities for advancement.
  • Poor health reduced women's ability to earn income, and, thus, is a key factor increasing and perpetuating household poverty.
  • Microcredit, a system of providing small loans to individuals and families in impoverished areas in an attempt to reverse the cycle of poverty, is almost always distributed to women.

• Poverty

  • Poverty is the condition of not having access to material resources, income, or wealth.
  • Consequently, someone with an average income in Liberia has a substantially lower standard of living and much less access to resources than someone with an average income in the U.S.
  • Poverty describes the state of not having access to material resources, wealth, or income.
  • The GNI PPP is the gross national income of a country converted to international dollars using a factor called the purchasing power parity.
  • Comparing GNI PPPs makes clear that there is global economic stratification, or that countries are arranged in a hierarchy based on the unequal distribution wealth.The developed world is over 6 times wealthier than the less developed world.