outcomes-based education

Examples of outcomes-based education in the following topics:

• Educational Reform in the U.S.

  • Despite this high level of funding, the school district provides outcomes that are lower than the national average.
  • In the 1990s, most states and districts adopted Outcome-Based Education (OBE) in some form or another.
  • Congress also set the standards-based National Education Goals (Goals 2000).
  • Many of these goals were based on the principles of outcomes-based education, and not all of the goals were attained by the year 2000 as was intended.
  • Rather than reforming the educational process, they focus on the effects that process achieves by measuring outcomes (e.g., student achievement).

• Bureaucratization of Schools

  • They are intended to ensure equal opportunities and increase efficiency based on a meritocratic structure.
  • Meritocracy means that hiring and promotion should be based on proven and documented skills, rather than on nepotism or random choice.
  • In schools, students learned to value hierarchical command, standardized outcomes, and specialized skills.
  • The model of American education based upon the industrial factory is undergoing a revolution based upon emerging technologies that redefine school organization as a virtual as well as a physical learning environment.
  • In schools, students learned to value hierarchical command, standardized outcomes, and specialized skills.

• Consequences of Social Class

  • One's position in the the social class hierarchy has far-reaching effects on their health, family life, education, etc.
  • Social class refers to the the grouping of individuals in a stratified hierarchy based on wealth, income, education, occupation, and social network (though other factors are sometimes considered).
  • Socioeconomic status refers to a person's position in the social hierarchy and is determined by their income, wealth, occupational prestige, and educational attainment.
  • These social networks confer benefits ranging from advantages in seeking education and employment to leniency by police and the courts.
  • Sociologists may dispute exactly how to model the distinctions between socioeconomic statuses, but the higher up the class hierarchy one is in America, the better health, educational, and professional outcomes one is likely to have.

• Standardized Tests

  • In 2001, the United States passed the No Child Left Behind Act, which requires all states to test students in public schools statewide to ensure that they are achieving the desired level of minimum education.
  • Standardized tests allow educators, policymakers, and admissions committees easily and fairly compare results from different students.
  • This makes standardized tests useful for admissions purposes in higher education, where a school is trying to compare students from across the nation or across the world.
  • Critics worry that standardized tests lead teachers to "teach to the test. " Standardized tests can be useful tools for assessing student achievement, and they can be used to focus instruction on desired outcomes, such as reading and math skills.
  • Argue for or against standardized testing based on the key points attributed to proponents and critics in the text

• Health Disparities

  • ., health disparities are the "population-specific differences in the presence of disease, health outcomes, or access to health care".
  • In all such cases, gender and sexual minorities regularly experience disparate outcomes, experiences, and relationships with healthcare systems that facilitate more negative physical and psychological health outcomes within these groups.
  • There are a number of ways in which health disparities play out based on different systems of stratification.
  • As noted above, researchers also find health disparities based on gender and sexual stratification.
  • Health disparities based on race also exist.

• School

  • This lesson both educates children in basic mathematics and in the social values of teamwork and reciprocity.
  • The sociology of education is the study of how public institutions and individual experiences affect education and its outcomes.
  • A systematic sociology of education began with Émile Durkheim's work on moral education as a basis for organic solidarity.
  • This is an expectation set forth at the beginning of a student's education.
  • Therefore, the other purpose of education is to sort and rank individuals for placement in the labor market.

• Age and Race

  • Aging does not result in similar outcomes for members of different races.
  • There is evidence that black senior citizens are more likely to be abused - both physically and psychologically and suffer greater financial exploitation than do white senior citizens.Further, recent demographic profiles suggest that social aging varies across racial groups, and demonstrates that minority elders (especially Hispanic and African American identified) typically enter later life with less education, less financial resources, and less access to health care than their white counterparts.Finally, researchers have noted that minority groups' greater likelihood of facing patterns of structural disadvantage throughout the life course, such as racial discrimination, poverty, and fewer social, political, and economic resources on average, create significant racial variations in the stages or age-related trajectories of racial minorities and majorities that may be observed at all points of the life span, and contribute to disparities in health, income, self-perceived age, mortality, and morbidity.
  • As a result, sociologists often explore the timing (in both subjective and objective conceptualizations of age) of varied life events within and between racial groups while exploring ways that age-related disparities influence the structural realities and bio-social outcomes of people located within different racial groups.

• Women as a Minority

  • Underlying this unequal treatment of women is sexism, which is discrimination based on sex -- in the context of a patriarchal society, discrimination against women in particular.
  • "Sociological research clearly shows that accounting for education, experience, and skill does not fully explain significant differences in labor market outcomes. " The three main domains on which we see the impact of intersectionality are wages, discrimination, and domestic labor.
  • Although women have made great strides in gaining access to education and employment, to this day they continue to face significant hurdles that men generally do not confront.
  • Issues commonly associated with notions of women's rights include, though are not limited to, the rights to: bodily integrity and autonomy; vote (suffrage); hold public office; work; fair wages or equal pay; own property; be educated; serve in the military or be conscripted; enter into legal contracts; and to have marital, parental, and religious rights.
  • Criticize the notion that sexism does not exist in the contemporary United States based on the text

• Capitalism, Modernization, and Industrialization

  • As Western societies transitioned from pre-industrial economies based primarily on agriculture to industrialized societies in the 19th century, some people worried about the impacts such changes would have on society and individuals.
  • Three early sociologists, Max Weber, Karl Marx, and Emile Durkheim, envisioned different outcomes of the Industrial Revolution on both the individual and society and described these effects in their work.
  • Weber viewed this as a bleak outcome that would affect individuals' happiness as they would be forced to function in a society with rigid rules and norms without the possibility of change.
  • In a society exhibiting mechanical solidarity, its cohesion and integration comes from the homogeneity of individuals—people feel connected through similar work, educational and religious training, and lifestyle.
  • Thus, organic solidarity is social cohesion based upon the dependence individuals have on each other in more advanced societies.

• Ogburn's Theory

  • William Fielding Ogburn (June 29, 1886 – April 27, 1959) was an American sociologist, statistician, and educator.
  • Soft determinists still subscribe to the fact that technology is the guiding force in our evolution, but maintain that we have a chance to make decisions regarding the outcomes of a situation.
  • Inventions are collective contributions to an existing cultural base that cannot occur unless the society has already gained a certain level of knowledge and expertise in the particular area.