within school effects

Examples of within school effects in the following topics:

• Tracking and Within-School Effects

  • Tracking separates students within a school into different tracks based on their skills and abilities.
  • Whereas the Coleman Report focused on between school effects, or inequality between different schools, other research has looked at within school effects, or ways in which inequality may be produced or maintained among students in the same school.
  • One of the primary mechanisms for creating and maintaining inequality within schools is tracking.
  • Student can be tracked for all subjects or for certain classes and curriculum within a school.
  • Students from more privileged backgrounds gain access to higher quality instruction in upper-level tracks, while, even within the same school, poorer students are relegated to lower-level, less challenging tracks.

• Coleman's Study of Between-School Effects in American Education

  • In 1966, the Coleman Report launched a debate about "school effects," desegregation and busing, and cultural bias in standardized tests.
  • The report, titled "Equality of Educational Opportunity," came to be known as the "Coleman Report. " At the time, it launched widespread debate on school effects, or the ways in which school-level characteristics influence student achievement.
  • The Coleman Report was commonly presented as evidence that school funding has little effect on student achievement.
  • In fact, the report did not deny that funding or other school effects matter, but it did argue that other factors are more important.
  • The report showed that, in general, white students scored higher than black students, but it also showed significant overlap in scores: 15 percent of black students fell within the same range of academic accomplishment as the upper 50 percent of white students.

• Bureaucratization of Schools

  • Despite good intentions and abundant rhetoric about "equal educational opportunity," schools have rarely taught the children of the poor effectively.
  • In order to understand the bureaucratization of schools, we must understand the historical development of the school system.
  • These needs formed the basis for school bureaucracies today.
  • The assumption that there is "one best system" for educating children has been especially problematic within the context of a pluralistic American society, a globalized world, and advances in information technology.
  • This case study outlines how one K-12 school district is managing change related to teaching, leading, and learning as it shifts to a more student-centered approach to education within a bureaucratic and virtually enhanced structure of schooling.

• Social Control

  • The conflict theory perspective towards education focuses on the role school systems may play in implementing social control.
  • Schools can further goals of social control by socializing students into behaving in socially acceptable ways .
  • Informal sanctions can have a powerful effect; individuals internalize the norm, which becomes an aspect of personality.
  • In schools, formal sanctions may include detention, suspension, or other formal punishments.
  • Discuss the use of school system and media as a means of exercising social control within a given society

• Educational Reform in the U.S.

  • Critics counter that even within a country, districts with the highest levels of funding do not always have the highest achievement levels.
  • Critics counter that even within a country, districts with the highest levels of funding do not always have the highest achievement levels.
  • Other education reforms have been motivated by attempts to improve the effectiveness of instruction.
  • John Dewey suggested that effective education poses problems and puzzles that motivate children to learn.
  • Rather than reforming the educational process, they focus on the effects that process achieves by measuring outcomes (e.g., student achievement).

• Staking the Desk: Unequal Funding

  • Because schools are funded by property taxes, schools in poor areas receive less funding then schools in wealthier areas.
  • In the United States, most public schools are funded primarily through local property taxes.
  • Whereas some people laud education as the great equalizer, others observe the effects of school funding schemes and conclude that they actually reinforce inequality and stratification.
  • Since school funding is often based on property taxes, poorer neighborhoods may have less money available for schools.
  • Examine the inequality in public school systems and the implications for a student's future

• Intelligence and Inequality

  • Although schools' manifest function is to educate and train intelligence, they also have latent functions like socializing students.
  • Students who do best in school are not always the most intelligent, but are usually culturally competent and sociable.
  • In the above paragraph, it is the purpose of and people expect a school to teach or transmit knowledge.
  • Latent functions are not generally recognized or intended; rather, they are a secondary effect of manifest functions.
  • Socialization is slowly transforming into a manifest function, especially within special education and working with children on the autism spectrum, who suffer from serious social skill deficits.

• Sociological Perspectives on Urban Life

  • After the Industrial Revolution sociologists such as Max Weber and Georg Simmel began to focus on the accelerating process of urbanization and the effects it had on feelings of social alienation and anonymity.
  • The Chicago School sought to provide subjective meaning to how humans interact under structural, cultural and social conditions.
  • Urban theorists suggested that these spatially-defined regions helped to solidify and isolate class relations within the modern city, moving the middle class away from the urban core and into the privatized environment of the outer suburbs.
  • Urban ecology refers to an idea that emerged out of the Chicago School that likens urban organization to biological organisms.
  • Explain urbanization in terms of functionalism and what the Chicago School understood to be some of the causes of urban social problems at that time

• Role Conflict

  • An example of someone experiencing role conflict by way of work/family conflict is the professional who is also a parent and must decide whether to work an extra hour at the office or attend a meeting at his child's school.
  • For an example of interpersonal relations causing role conflict, consider an individual who is a school superintendent and a father.
  • He might think that his wife and children expect him to spend most of his evenings with them, but he may also feel that his school board and parents' groups expect him to spend most of his after-office hours on educational and civic activities.
  • The effects of role conflict, as found through case studies and nationwide surveys, are related to individual personality characteristics and interpersonal relations.
  • Interpret how role conflict affects an individual's perception of him/herself and his/her place within society

• Education

  • This results in, on average, 10-30% of Ivy League undergraduates being the children of alumni, meaning that high educational attainment can be passed down through generations within the upper-middle and upper classes.
  • Educational attainment refers to the level of schooling a person completes — for instance, high school, some college, college, or a graduate degree.
  • Upper-class parents are better able to send their children not only to exclusive private schools, but also to public state-funded schools.
  • Such schools are likely to be of higher quality in affluent areas than in impoverished ones, since they are funded by property taxes within the school district.
  • Wealthy areas will provide more property taxes as revenue, which leads to higher quality schools.