Arab Spring

Examples of Arab Spring in the following topics:

• Obama's Foreign Policy

  • The unrest grew out of the 2011 Arab Spring protests, escalating to armed conflict after President Bashar al-Assad's government violently repressed protests calling for his removal.
  • The war is being fought by the Syrian Government, a loose alliance of Syrian Arab rebel groups, the Syrian Democratic Forces, Salafi jihaidst groups (including al-Nusra Front), and the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL, sometimes referred to as ISIS).
  • Obama supports the two-state solution to the Arab–Israeli conflict based on the 1967 borders with land swaps.
  • Beginning in the spring of 2013, secret meetings were conducted between the United States and Cuba in the neutral locations of Canada and Vatican City.

• New Approaches to the Developing World

  • Kennedy wished to work more closely with the modernizing forces of the Arab world.
  • By the spring of 1962, American aid made its way to Guinea.

• The Energy Crisis

  • U.S. support for Israel during the Yom Kippur War resulted in an embargo on oil sales to the U.S. by Arab countries.
  • In October 1973, the members of the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries, or the OAPEC (consisting of the Arab members of OPEC, plus Egypt and Syria), proclaimed an oil embargo "in response to the U.S. decision to re-supply the Israeli military" during the Yom Kippur War; it lasted until March 1974.
  • Arab oil producers had also linked the end of the embargo with successful US efforts to create peace in the Middle East, which complicated the situation.
  • The promise of a negotiated settlement between Israel and Syria was sufficient to convince Arab oil producers to lift the embargo in March 1974.
  • The Arab embargo had a negative impact on the U.S economy, causing immediate demands to address the threats to U.S energy security.

• 1968: The Year of Upheaval

  • In the spring, the assassinations of Martin Luther King Jr. and Robert F.
  • Sirhan, a Jordanian immigrant, had allegedly targeted him for advocating military support for Israel in its violent and oppressive conflict with neighboring Arab states.

• Environmental Protests

  • Organizations like The Sierra Club and Greenpeace, as well as the book "Silent Spring" by Rachel Carson, contributed to the growth of the environmental movement during this time period.
  • In 1962, American biologist Rachel Carson published Silent Spring, a book that is widely credited with helping launch the environmental movement.
  • In response to the publication of Silent Spring and the public concern that ensued, U.S.
  • In the mid-1970s, independent groups using the name Greenpeace started springing up worldwide.
  • Following the publication of Silent Spring and the public outcry it created, DDT was banned by the Environmental Protection Agency in June of 1972

• Interventions in Latin America and the Middle East

  • The struggle between the Arabs and the Jews in Palestine culminated in the 1947 United Nations plan to partition Palestine.
  • This plan attempted to create an Arab state and a Jewish state in the narrow space between the Jordan River and the Mediterranean.
  • While the Jewish leaders accepted it, the Arab leaders rejected this plan.
  • In the mid-to-late 1960s, the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party led by Michel Aflaq and Salah al-Din al-Bitar took power in both Iraq and Syria.
  • In 1979, Egypt under Nasser's successor, Anwar Sadat, concluded a peace treaty with Israel, ending the prospects of a united Arab military front.

• Nixon and Foreign Policy

  • Nixon believed that Israel should make peace with its Palestinian Arab neighbors and that the United States should encourage this.
  • In October of 1973, an Arab coalition led by Egypt and Syria attacked Israel, beginning the Yom Kippur War.
  • The war resulted in the 1973 oil crisis, in which Arab nations refused to sell crude oil to the U.S. in retaliation for its support of Israel.
  • Arab oil producers had also linked the end of the embargo with successful U.S. efforts to create peace in the Middle East, which complicated the situation.
  • The promise of a negotiated settlement between Israel and Syria was sufficient to convince Arab oil producers to lift the embargo in March of 1974.

• Foreign Policies

  • The efforts were initially focused on a comprehensive resolution of disputes between Israel and the Arab countries and gradually evolved into a search for a bilateral agreement between Israel and Egypt.
  • The first part of the agreement, A Framework for Peace in the Middle East, provided a plan for Palestinian self-government; however the vague language left this issue undecided to become the primary point of Arab-Israeli contention.
  • The Camp David Accords left Egypt, formerly a leading regional power, ostracized by other Arab countries, who criticized Egypt's concessions to Israel and Egypt's arrogance in speaking unilaterally for Jordan and Palestine.
  • The Accords also demonstrated to Arab states that direct negotiations with Israel were possible, setting up future attempts at diplomacy by the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), Jordan, and others.

• George H.W. Bush Abroad

  • At the same time, other Arab states had increased their oil production, forcing oil prices down and further hurting Iraq’s economy.
  • Moreover, President Bush and Secretary of State James Baker concluded that the coalition victory had increased U.S. prestige abroad and believed there was a window of opportunity to use the political capital generated by the coalition victory to revitalize the Arab-Israeli peace process.
  • The administration immediately returned to Arab-Israeli peacemaking following the end of the Gulf War; this resulted in the Madrid Conference later in 1991.

• The Camp David Accords

  • Efforts initially focused on a comprehensive resolution of disputes between Israel and the Arab countries, gradually evolved into a search for a bilateral agreement between Israel and Egypt.
  • The third part "Associated Principles" declared principles that should apply to relations between Israel and all of its Arab neighbors.