Auburn system

Examples of Auburn system in the following topics:

• Prisons and Asylums

  • In response, New York developed the Auburn system in which prisoners were confined in separate cells and prohibited from talking when eating and working together.
  • This penal method, where prisoners worked during the day in groups and were kept in solitary confinement at night, was implemented at Auburn State Prison and Sing Sing at Ossining.
  • As a result of a tour of prisons in 18 states, Enoch Wines and Theodore Dwight produced a monumental report describing the flaws in the existing system and proposing remedies.
  • Unregulated and underfunded, this system produced widespread abuse.
  • Describe America's prison and asylum system in the early nineteenth century

• The Lowell System

  • The Waltham-Lowell System was a labor and production model employed during the early years of the American textile industry.
  • The precursor to the Waltham-Lowell system was the "Rhode Island System," established by British immigrant Samuel Slater in the 1790s.
  • Slater's factory system was based upon the customary patterns of family life in New England.
  • This immensely profitable model became known as the Waltham-Lowell System, or Lowell System.
  • Describe the transformation of the "Rhode Island System" into the Waltham -Lowell System and its effects on textile production

• The Role of the Government

  • The American System envisioned the development of a system of internal improvementswhich would knit the nation together and be financed by tariffs and land sales revenues.
  • Another key goal of the American System was the development of a strong central bank.
  • The Monkey System or "Every one for himself at the expense of his neighbor"
  • Henry Clay says "Walk in and see the new improved grand original American System!
  • He was the primary advocate of the American System during the Market Revolution.

• Economic Nationalism

  • The "American System," a term synonymous with "National System" and "Protective System," was a system of economics that represented the legacy of Alexander Hamilton, secretary of the treasury under George Washington's presidency.
  • As later defined by Senator Henry Clay, who became known as the "Father of the American System," the American System unified the nation north to south, east to west, and city to farmer.
  • The American System was supported by New England and the Mid-Atlantic; these states had a large manufacturing base, and the System protected their new factories from foreign competition.
  • The South, however, opposed the American System.
  • Henry Clay is considered the Father of the American System of economics.

• Slave Labor

  • There were two primary types of labor systems seen on plantations: the gang system and the task system.
  • Each systems was characterized by the amount of work time required by the slave and also the amount of freedom given to the slave.
  • The task system, on the other hand, was less harsh and allowed the slaves more autonomy than the gang system.
  • Evidence suggests that the task system was gender oriented.
  • Research suggests that the task system was an offshoot of the division of labor that was already in place in the African tribal systems before the Atlantic slave trade brought the slaves over to the American colonies.

• Corruption and Reform: Hayes to Harrison

  • The Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act in ended the spoils system at the federal level in 1883.
  • A spoils system (also known as a patronage system) is a practice where a political party, after winning an election, gives government jobs to its voters as a reward for their support and as an incentive to keep working for the party (as opposed to a system of awarding offices on the basis of merit independent of political activity).
  • Proponents denounced the spoils system as corrupt and inefficient.
  • The Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act in ended the spoils system at the federal level in 1883 and created a bipartisan Civil Service Commission to evaluate job candidates on a nonpartisan merit basis.
  • While few jobs were initially covered under the law, it allowed the President to transfer jobs and their current holders into the system, thus giving the holder a permanent job.

• Manufacturing

  • The "American System" was the first to successfully implement the use of interchangeable parts in industry.
  • The name "American System" came simply from the fact that for a time in the 1800s the system was strongly associated with the American companies who had first successfully implemented it.
  • Within a few decades, manufacturing technology had evolved further, and the ideas behind the "American System" were in use worldwide.
  • The system typically involved replacing hand tools with specialized machinery and allowed industrialists to greatly reduce costs.
  • Describe the social and economic significance of the American System's use of standardized, interchangeable parts

• Jackson's Appointments and Rivalries

  • In American politics, a spoils system (or patronage system) is a practice in which a political party, after winning an election, gives government jobs to its voters as a reward for working toward victory.
  • By the late 1860s, however, reformers began demanding a civil-service system.
  • In state and local governments, the spoils system survived much longer.
  • Modern variations on the spoils system are often described as "the political machine."
  • Describe the creation of the spoils system and its eventual reform

• The Second Party System

  • The Second Party System existed in the United States from about 1828 to 1854.
  • The American political system underwent fundamental change after 1820 under the rubric of Jacksonian democracy.
  • The Second Party System reflected and shaped the political, social, economic, and cultural currents of the Jacksonian Era until succeeded by the Third Party System in 1854.
  • The Second Party System was also the first, and remains the only, party system in which the two major parties remained on about equal footing in every region.
  • Summarize the origins, development, and key characteristics of the Second Party System

• The Factory System

  • The American System, or Armory System, emerged in the 1820s and involved semi-skilled labor to produce standardized and identical interchangeable parts that could be assembled with a minimum of time and skill.
  • In 1814, Francis Cabot Lowell's Boston Manufacturing Company developed a system of labor known as the Waltham-Lowell system, in which "mill girls," as they came to be known, lived under supervision in boarding houses provided by the company and conformed to a strict schedule, working eighty hours per week.
  • The Waltham-Lowell system became a template for manufacturing in the textile industry.
  • Describe two key features of the factory system in early 19th-century America