Examples of Code Talkers in the following topics:
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- In February 1942, a white civilian named Philip Johnston came up with the idea of using the Navajo language as military code.
- Until its declassification in 1968, the code that these Navajo developed remains the only oral military code to never have been broken by an enemy.
- In 2001, the 28 members of the Navajo Code Breakers were awarded a Congressional Gold Medal, mostly posthumously.
- While the term code talkers is strongly associated with the bilingual Navajo speakers, code talking was pioneered by Cherokee and Choctaw Indians during World War I.
- Other American Indian code talkers were deployed by the United States Army during World War II, including Lakota, Meskwaki, and Comanche soldiers.
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- Slave
codes in the Northern colonies were less harsh than slave codes in the Southern
colonies, but contained many similar provisions.
- The slave codes of
the tobacco colonies (Delaware, Maryland, North Carolina, and Virginia) were
modeled on the Virginia code established in 1667.
- South
Carolina established its slave code in 1712, with the following provisions:
- The district’s official
printed slave code was issued only a month beforehand.
- Explain the purpose of slave codes and how they were implemented throughout the United States
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- First, trade and industrial associations were permitted to seek presidential approval of "codes of fair competition."
- Third, Title I provided standards of maximum work hours, minimum wages, and labor conditions that the codes would cover.
- The codes of fair competition were to be developed through public hearings.
- Minimum wages, maximum working hours, prices, and production quotas were all to be covered under the codes.
- Following the provisions of NIRA, NRA engaged in drafting the codes.
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- Many of the Radical Republican's efforts were to pass laws granting Freedmen more political equality, so compared to congress, Johnson could indeed be considered lenient on the South.Johnson's conservative view of Reconstruction did not include the involvement of former slaves in government, and he refused to heed northern concerns when southern state legislatures implemented Black Codes, laws that limited the basic human rights and civil liberties of blacks.
- Southern state governments quickly enacted the restrictive Black Codes.
- The Black Codes indicated that the freedmen would have more rights than they had before the war, but still only a limited set of second-class civil rights.
- Additionally, freedman were not granted voting rights or citizenship The Black Codes outraged Northerners, and were overthrown by the Civil Rights Act of 1866, which gave freedmen full legal equality (except the right to vote).
- During the autumn of 1865, the Radical Republicans responded to the implementation of the Black codes by blocking the readmission of the former rebellious states to Congress.
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- It outlined guidelines for
the creation of the so-called "codes of fair competition" (rules according to which industries were supposed to operate), guaranteed trade union rights, and permitted the regulation of working standards.
- Even the National Recovery Review Board, established by Roosevelt in March 1934 in response to the growing criticism to review the performance of the NRA, concluded that the codes of fair competition gave disproportional power to each industry's already biggest and most powerful actors.
- As the codes regulated such matters as wages, working hours, production quotas, and prices, many businesses, particularly those smaller and newer ones, refused to endorse NIRA.
- It also criticized the fact that instead of providing "rules of conduct," NIRA authorized the creation of codes (containing "rules of conduct") without outlining any specific standards.
- Unlike NIRA, which tied the same rights to industrial codes, NLRA guaranteed labor rights through the federal government.
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- A lasting example of the studio influence was
the Motion Picture (or Hollywood) Production Code of 1930 (known also as the Hays Code, after Will H.
- The code was not strictly implemented until 1934, when the Production Code Administration was established.
- The PCA enforced the code by reviewing and making suggestions on all studio scripts before they went into production, then doing the same with all completed films before issuing a PCA certificate.
- Directors frequently found a way to manipulate the codes that were enforced more and more loosely during the post-World War period and finally abandoned in the 1960s.
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- A lasting example of
the studio influence was the Motion Picture (or Hollywood) Production Code of
1930 (known also as the Hays Code, after Will H.
- The code was not strictly implemented
until 1934, when the Production Code Administration was established.
- The PCA
enforced the code by reviewing and making suggestions on all studio scripts
before they went into production, then doing the same with all completed films
before issuing a PCA certificate.
- Directors frequently found a way to
manipulate the codes that were enforced more and more loosely during the
post-World War period and finally abandoned in the 1960s.
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- Slave codes and slaveholder practices often denied slaves autonomy over their familial relationships.
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- A code of laws was drawn up, beginning with penal laws, which were actually borrowed from the Bible.
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- Though the amendment formally abolished slavery throughout the United States, factors such as Black Codes, white supremacist violence, and selective enforcement of statutes continued to subject some black Americans to involuntary labor, particularly in the South.
- The amendment was also in response to the Black Codes that southern states had passed in the wake of the abolishment of slavery.
- These Black Codes attempted to return former slaves to something like their former condition by, among other things, restricting their movement, forcing them to enter into year-long labor contracts, prohibiting them from owning firearms, and by preventing them from suing or testifying in court.