Examples of Caral civilization in the following topics:
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- The Caral civilization flourished in the Andean region between the 30th and 18th centuries BCE.
- The Caral civilization (also known as the Norte Chico civilization and as Caral-Supe) was a complex pre-Columbian society, located in what is now the Norte Chico region of north-central coastal Peru, near Supe, Barranca province, Peru (200 km north of Lima).
- It has been established as the oldest known civilization in the Americas, and as one of the six sites where civilization separately originated in the ancient world.
- The Caral flourished between the 30th and 18th centuries BCE.
- At its peak, approximately 3,000 people are believed to have lived in Caral.
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- The
Indus Civilization was the most widespread of the three early civilizations of
the ancient world, along with Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia.
- At its peak, the Indus Valley
Civilization may had a population of over 5 million people.
- In 1912, John Faithfull Fleet, an English civil servant working with the
Indian Civil Services, discovered several Harappan seals.
- The Great Bath at Mohenjo-daro, a city in the Indus River Valley Civilization.
- Identify the importance of the discovery of the Indus River Valley Civilization
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- The Indus River Valley Civilization contained urban centers with
well-conceived and organized infrastructure, architecture and systems of governance.
- The
population of the Indus Valley Civilization may have once been as large as 5
million.
- Unlike
Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt, the inhabitants of the Indus Valley Civilization
did not build large, monumental structures.
- Finally, experts
have theorized that the Indus Valley Civilization had no rulers as we understand
them, with everyone enjoying equal status.
- Cluster of Indus Valley Civilization cities and excavation sites along the course of the Indus River in Pakistan.
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- The first civilizations formed on the banks of rivers.
- These early civilizations began to form around the time of the Neolithic Revolution (12000 BCE).
- Though each civilization was uniquely different, we can see common patterns amongst these first civilizations since they were all based around rivers.
- Most notably, these early civilizations were all hydraulic empires.
- Access to water is still crucial to modern civilizations; water scarcity affects more than 2.8 billion people globally.
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- The Indus Valley Civilization declined around 1800 BCE due to climate
change and migration.
- The Indus
Valley Civilization may have met its demise due to invasion.
- Various
elements of the Indus Civilization are found in later cultures, suggesting the
civilization did not disappear suddenly due to an invasion.
- By around 1700 BCE, most of
the Indus Valley Civilization cities had been abandoned.
- Discuss the causes for the disappearance of the Indus Valley Civilization
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- Thomas Hobbes,
an English philosopher and scientist, was one of the key figures in the political debates of the Enlightenment period, who introduced a social contract theory based on the relation between the absolute sovereign and the civil society.
- As Leviathan was written during the English Civil War, much of the book is occupied with demonstrating the necessity of a strong central authority to avoid the evil of discord and civil war.
- So in order to avoid it, people accede to a social contract and establish a civil society.
- According to Hobbes, the sovereign must control civil, military, judicial, and ecclesiastical powers.
- Consequently, if humans wish to live peacefully, they must give up most of their natural rights and create moral obligations in order to establish political and civil society.