Concordat of Worms

Examples of Concordat of Worms in the following topics:

• The Investiture Controversy

  • The conflict ended in 1122, when Emperor Henry V and Pope Calixtus II agreed on the Concordat of Worms.
  • Later, he renounced some of the rights of investiture with the Concordat of Worms, abandoned Gregory, and was received back into communion and recognized as legitimate emperor as a result.
  • After fifty years of fighting, the Concordat of Worms provided a lasting compromise when it was signed on September 23, 1122.
  • The Concordat of Worms brought an end to the first phase of the power struggle between the papacy and the Holy Roman emperors, and has been interpreted as containing within itself the germ of nation-based sovereignty that would one day be confirmed in the Treaty of Westphalia (1648).
  • The conflict did not end with the Concordat of Worms.

• The Development of Papal Supremacy

  • During the decline and fall of the Western Roman Empire, and throughout the Middle Ages, the office of pope not only gained supremacy over the entire Christian Church but also developed political power rivaling that of the secular rulers of Europe.
  • The creation of the term "papal supremacy" dates back to the 6th century, at the time of the fall of the Western Roman Empire, which was the beginning of the rise of the bishops of Rome to not just the position religious authority, but the power to be the ultimate ruler of the kingdoms within the Christian community (Christendom), which it has since retained.
  • In 189, assertion of the primacy of the Church of Rome may be indicated in Irenaeus's Against Heresies: "With [the Church of Rome], because of its superior origin, all the churches must agree ... and it is in her that the faithful everywhere have maintained the apostolic tradition."
  • With the exception of Pope Martin I, no pope during this period questioned the authority of the Byzantine monarch to confirm the election of the bishop of Rome before consecration could occur.
  • The conflict ended in 1122, when Emperor Henry V and Pope Calixtus II agreed on the Concordat of Worms, which differentiated between the royal and spiritual powers and gave the emperors a limited role in selecting bishops.

• The Concordat of 1801

• Luther and Protestantism

  • His refusal to renounce all of his writings at the demand of Pope Leo X in 1520 and the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V at the Diet of Worms in 1521 resulted in his excommunication by the Pope and condemnation as an outlaw by the Emperor.
  • In 1501, at the age of 19, he entered the University of Erfurt.
  • On 18 April 1521, Luther appeared as ordered before the Diet of Worms.
  • This was a general assembly of the estates of the Holy Roman Empire that took place in Worms, a town on the Rhine.
  • The Emperor presented the final draft of the Edict of Worms on 25 May 1521, declaring Luther an outlaw, banning his literature, and requiring his arrest: "We want him to be apprehended and punished as a notorious heretic."

• The Second Crusade

  • The Second Crusade was started in 1147 in response to the fall of the County of Edessa the previous year to the forces of Zengi.
  • The Second Crusade was announced by Pope Eugene III, and was the first of the crusades to be led by European kings, namely Louis VII of France and Conrad III of Germany, who had help from a number of other European nobles.
  • The French crusaders departed from Metz in June 1147, led by Louis, Thierry of Alsace, Renaut I of Bar, Amadeus III, Count of Savoy and his half-brother William V of Montferrat, William VII of Auvergne, and others, along with armies from Lorraine, Brittany, Burgundy, and Aquitaine.
  • At Worms, Louis joined with crusaders from Normandy and England.
  • The memory of the Second Crusade was to color French views of the Byzantines for the rest of the 12th and 13th centuries.