Khyber Pass

Examples of Khyber Pass in the following topics:

• Centralization in the Maurya Empire

  • The Khyber Pass, on the modern boundary of Pakistan and Afghanistan, became a strategically important point of trade and interaction with the outside world.

• Decline of the Maurya Empire

  • In the east, the fall of the Mauryas left the Khyber Pass unguarded, and a wave of foreign invasion followed.

• Roman Society Under the Republic

  • Throughout the fourth century BCE, a series of reforms were passed that required all laws passed by the plebeian council to have the full force of law over the entire population, regardless of status as patrician or plebeian.
  • As a result, the Licinio-Sextian law was eventually passed in 367 BCE, which addressed the economic plight of the plebeians and prevented the election of further patrician magistrates.
  • Hortensius, who was himself a plebeian, passed a law known as the “Hortensian Law”.
  • This law ended the requirement that an auctoritas patrum be passed before a bill could be considered by either the plebeian council or the tribal assembly, removing the final patrician senatorial check on the plebeian council.

• Charles I and the Power to Tax

  • Charles I's attempt to impose taxes not authorized by Parliament contributed to the ongoing conflict between the King and Parliament and eventually resulted in passing the 1628 Petition of Right.
  • The House of Commons refused and instead passed two bills granting him only £112,000.
  • A number of possible alternatives to the Resolutions were debated but finally, Sir Edward Coke made a speech suggesting that the Commons join with the House of Lords and pass their four resolutions as a petition of right (although he was not the first to do so).
  • The Commons accepted the recommendations on May 8 and after a long debate that attempted to accommodate the hostile King, the House of Lords unanimously voted to join with the Commons on the Petition of Right, while passing their own resolution, assuring the King of their loyalty.
  • Drafted by a committee headed by Sir Edward Coke, it was passed and ratified in 1628.

• Structure of the Republic

  • The Constitution of the Roman Republic was a set of guidelines and principles passed down mainly through precedent.
  • The senate passed decrees, which were called senatus consulta, ostensibly "advice" handed down from the senate to a magistrate.
  • The Curiate Assembly served only a symbolic purpose in the late Republic, though the assembly was used to ratify the powers of newly elected magistrates by passing laws known as leges curiatae.
  • While it did not pass many laws, the comitia tributa did elect quaestors, curule aediles, and military tribunes.
  • This assembly passed most laws, and could also act as a court of appeal.

• Cromwell and the Roundheads

  • Known as the Long Parliament, it proved even more hostile to Charles than its predecessor and passed a law which stated that a new Parliament should convene at least once every three years—without the King's summons, if necessary.
  • Other laws passed by the Parliament made it illegal for the king to impose taxes without Parliamentary consent and later gave Parliament control over the king's ministers.
  • Finally, the Parliament passed a law forbidding the King to dissolve it without its consent, even if the three years were up.
  • During this period, a series of Penal Laws were passed against Roman Catholics (a significant minority in England and Scotland but the vast majority in Ireland) and a substantial amount of their land was confiscated.

• Establishment of the National Assembly

  • Following the storming of the Bastille on July 14, the National Assembly became the effective government and constitution drafter that ruled until passing the 1791 Constitution, which turned France into a constitutional monarchy.
  • The Civil Constitution of the Clergy, passed in July 1790, turned the remaining clergy into employees of the state.
  • In the turmoil of the revolution, the Assembly members gathered the various constitutional laws they had passed into a single constitution, and submitted it to recently restored Louis XVI, who accepted it, writing "I engage to maintain it at home, to defend it from all attacks from abroad, and to cause its execution by all the means it places at my disposal."

• The Justinian Code

  • The only western province where the Justinian Code was introduced was Italy, from where it was to pass to Western Europe in the 12th century and become the basis of much European law code.
  • It eventually passed to Eastern Europe where it appeared in Slavic editions, and it also passed on to Russia.

• Fall of the Ming Dynasty

  • Li Zicheng was defeated at the Battle of Shanhai Pass by the joint forces of Wu Sangui and the Manchu Prince Dorgon.
  • A drawing of the mountainous battlegrounds of the decisive Battle of Shanhai Pass.

• Hitler's Germany

  • In March 1933, the Enabling Act, an amendment to the Weimar Constitution, passed in the Reichstag by a vote of 444 to 94.
  • This amendment allowed Hitler and his cabinet to pass laws—even laws that violated the constitution—without the consent of the president or the Reichstag.
  • As the bill required a two-thirds majority to pass, the Nazis used the provisions of the Reichstag Fire Decree to keep several Social Democratic deputies from attending; the Communists had already been banned.