Lombards

Examples of Lombards in the following topics:

• The Rise of Charlemagne

  • The first of these conquering campaigns was against the Lombards; Charlemagne came out victorious and won the Lombard lands to the north of Italy.
  • Charlemagne and his uncle Bernard crossed the Alps in 773 and chased the Lombards back to Pavia, which they then besieged.
  • After the pope granted Charlemagne the title of patrician, he returned to Pavia, where the Lombards were on the verge of surrendering.
  • In return for their lives, the Lombards conceded and opened the gates in early summer.

• The Development of Papal Supremacy

  • As the leading civil official of the empire in Rome, he was compelled to take over the civil administration of the cities and negotiate for the protection of Rome itself with the Lombard invaders threatening it.
  • Another part of this phase occurred in the 8th century, after the rise of the new religion of Islam had weakened the Byzantine Empire and the Lombards had renewed their pressure in Italy.

• Charles Martel and Pepin the Short

  • Pope Gregory III, whose realm was being menaced by the Lombards, offered Charles the Roman consulship in exchange for becoming the defender of the Holy See, but Charles declined.
  • Pepin also intervened in favor of the papacy of Stephen II against the Lombards in Italy.

• Charlemagne's Reforms

  • Charlemagne's vast conquests brought him into contact with the cultures and learnings of other countries, especially Moorish Spain, Anglo-Saxon England, and Lombard Italy, and greatly increased the provision of monastic schools and scriptoria (centers for book copying) in Francia.
  • The pan-European nature of Charlemagne's influence is indicated by the origins of many of the men who worked for him: Alcuin, an Anglo-Saxon from York; Theodulf, a Visigoth, probably from Septimania; Paul the Deacon, a Lombard; Peter of Pisa and Paulinus of Aquileia, both Italians; and Angilbert, Angilram, Einhard, and Waldo of Reichenau, Franks.

• The Catholic Church

  • During this period the Visigoths and Lombards moved away from Arianism toward Catholicism.

• Intellectual Life

  • Scholars such as Peter Abelard (d. 1142) and Peter Lombard (d. 1164) introduced Aristotelian logic into theology.

• The Great Schism of 1054

  • After Charlemagne, the king of the Franks, saved Rome from a Lombard attack, Pope Leo III (not to be confused with the Byzantine Leo III) declared him the new Roman Emperor in 800 CE since a woman (Irene) could not be emperor.

• The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire

  • The first migrations of peoples were made by Germanic tribes such as the Goths, Vandals, Angles, Saxons, Lombards, Suebi, Frisii, Jutes and Franks; they were later pushed westwards by the Huns, Avars, Slavs, and Bulgars.

• Emperor Heracluis

  • However, after Justinian's death, much of newly recovered Italy fell to the Lombards, and the Visigoths soon reduced the imperial holdings in Spain.

• Justinian and Theodora

  • Soon a new Germanic tribe, the Lombards, came in and conquered most of Italy, though Rome, Naples, and Ravenna remained isolated pockets of Byzantine control.