Muhammad

Examples of Muhammad in the following topics:

• Early Life of Muhammad

  • Muhammad unified Arabia into a single religious polity under Islam.
  • The Qu'ran, the central religious text in Islam, alludes to Muhammad's life.
  • His father, Abdullah, died almost six months before Muhammad was born.
  • At the age of six, Muhammad lost his biological mother Amina to illness and was raised by his paternal grandfather Abd al-Muttalib until he died when Muhammad was eight.
  • Muhammad is said to have asked for arrangements to marry both.

• Flight from Mecca to Medina

  • According to Ibn Sad, one of Muhammad's companions, the opposition in Mecca started when Muhammad delivered verses that condemned idol worship and polytheism.
  • However, the Qu'ran maintains that it began as Muhammad started public preaching.
  • However, Muhammad turned down both offers.
  • Muhammad took this opportunity to look for a new home for himself and his followers.
  • When the Quraysh learned of Muhammad's escape, they announced a heavy reward for bringing Muhammad back to them, alive or dead, and pursuers scattered in all directions.

• Islam Ascendant

  • In March 624, Muhammad led three hundred warriors in a raid on a Meccan merchant caravan.
  • Muhammad and his followers saw the victory as confirmation of their faith and Muhammad said the victory was assisted by an invisible host of angels.
  • Muhammad led his Muslim force to the Meccans to fight the Battle of Uhud on 23 March.
  • Following the conquest of Mecca, Muhammad was alarmed by a military threat from the confederate tribes of Hawazin who were raising an army twice Muhammad's size.
  • Muhammad defeated the Hawazin and Thaqif tribes in the Battle of Hunayn.

• The Qu'ran

  • After returning home, Muhammad was consoled and reassured by Khadijah and her Christian cousin.
  • On the other hand, Shi'a tradition maintains that Muhammad was neither surprised nor frightened at the appearance of Gabriel but rather Muhammad welcomed him as if he was expecting.
  • Muhammad's first revelation, according to the Quran, was accompanied with a vision.
  • Muhammad's mission also involves preaching monotheism: the Qu'ran commands Muhammad to proclaim and praise the name of his Lord and instructs him not to worship idols or associate other deities with God.
  • Around 613, Muhammad began to preach to the public.

• Muhammad's Successors

  • Muhammad's prominent companion Umar ibn al-Khattab nominated Abu Bakr, Muhammad's friend and collaborator.
  • This choice was disputed by some of Muhammad's companions, who held that Ali ibn Abi Talib, his cousin and son-in-law, had been designated the successor by Muhammad at Ghadir Khumm.
  • Ali was Muhammad's first cousin and closest living male relative as well as his son-in-law, having married Muhammad's daughter Fatimah.
  • After Muhammad's death, many Arabian tribes rejected Islam or withheld the alms tax established by Muhammad.
  • Many tribes claimed that they had submitted to Muhammad and that with Muhammad's death, their allegiance had ended.

• The Abbasid Empire

  • The Abbasid Caliphate was the third of the Islamic caliphates to succeed the Islamic prophet Muhammad in 750 CE and ruled over a large, flourishing empire for three centuries.
  • The Abbasid dynasty descended from Muhammad's youngest uncle, Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib (566–653 CE), from whom the dynasty takes its name.
  • Muhammad ibn 'Ali, a great-grandson of Abbas, began to campaign for the return of power to the family of Muhammad, the Hashimites, in Persia during the reign of Umar II, an Umayyad caliph who ruled from 717 to 720.
  • Most Shi'a Muslims had supported the Abbasid war against the Umayyads because the Abbasids claimed legitimacy with their familial connection to Muhammad, an important issue for Shi'a.
  • By the 920s, a Shi'a sect that only recognized the first five Imams and could trace its roots to Muhammad's daughter Fatima took control of Idrisi and then Aghlabid domains.

• Expansion Under the Umayyad Caliphates

  • The Umayyad Caliphate, the second of the four major Arab caliphates established after the death of Muhammad, expanded the territory of the Islamic state to one of the largest empires in history.
  • The Umayyad Caliphate was the second of the four major Arab caliphates established after the death of Muhammad.
  • Some felt that only members of Muhammad's Banu Hashim clan or his own lineage, such as the descendants of Ali, should rule.
  • Muhammad had stated explicitly during his lifetime that each religious minority should be allowed to practice its own religion and govern itself, and the policy had on the whole continued.
  • This map shows the extension of Islamic rule under Muhammad, the Rashidun Caliphate, and the Umayyad Caliphate.

• Arabian Cities

  • Camel caravans, said to have first been used by Muhammad's great-grandfather, were a major part of Mecca's bustling economy.
  • Medina is celebrated for containing the mosque of Muhammad.
  • In 622 AD, Muhammad and around 70 Meccan Muhajirun believers left Mecca for sanctuary in Yathrib, an event that transformed the religious and political landscape of the city completely; the longstanding enmity between the Aus and Khazraj tribes was dampened as many of the two Arab tribes and some local Jews embraced Islam.
  • Muhammad, linked to the Khazraj through his great-grandmother, was agreed on as civic leader.
  • According to Ibn Ishaq, the local pagan Arab tribes, the Muslim Muhajirun from Mecca, the local Muslims (Ansar), and the Jews of the area signed an agreement, the Constitution of Medina, which committed all parties to mutual cooperation under the leadership of Muhammad.

• Spread of Islam

  • In the years following the Prophet Muhammad's death, the expansion of Islam was carried out by his successor caliphates, who expanded the territory of the Islamic state and sought converts from both polytheistic and monotheistic religions.
  • The expansion of the Arab Empire in the years following the Prophet Muhammad's death led to the creation of caliphates, occupying a vast geographical area and conversion to Islam was boosted by missionary activities particularly those of Imams, who easily intermingled with local populace to propagate the religious teachings.

• Post-Byzantine Egypt

  • The Muslim conquest of Egypt took place shortly after Muhammad's death but only three centuries later, under the Fatimid Caliphate, did the region become the center of the Islamic world.
  • It was founded after Muhammad's death in 632 (year 11 AH in the Islamic calendar).