Reformation

(noun)

A schism from the Roman Catholic Church initiated by Martin Luther and continued by other early Protestant Reformers in 16th century Europe.

Related Terms

Examples of Reformation in the following topics:

  • Alexander I's Domestic Reforms

  • Deng Xiaoping and the Economic Reform

  • The Anglican Church

    • However, Cranmer was unable to implement all these reforms once it became clear in spring 1553 that King Edward, upon whom the whole Reformation in England depended, was dying.
    • The English Reformation 04:36 - Chapter 2.
    • The Henrician Reformation 34:13 - Chapter 5.
    • The Edwardian Reformation
    • Describe the key developments of the English Reformation, distinguishing it from the wider reformation movement in Europe.

  • The Church During the Italian Renaissance

    • Churchmen such as Erasmus and Luther proposed reform to the Church, often based on humanist textual criticism of the New Testament.
    • The 95 Theses led to the Reformation, a break with the Roman Catholic Church that previously claimed hegemony in Western Europe.
    • The Counter-Reformation, also called the Catholic Reformation or the Catholic Revival, was the period of Catholic resurgence initiated in response to the Protestant Reformation, beginning with the Council of Trent (1545–1563) and ending at the close of the Thirty Years' War (1648).
    • The Counter-Reformation was a comprehensive effort composed of four major elements, ecclesiastical or structural reconfigurations, new religious orders (such as the Jesuits), spiritual movements, and political reform.
    • One primary emphasis of the Counter-Reformation was a mission to reach parts of the world that had been colonized as predominantly Catholic and also try to reconvert areas such as Sweden and England that were at one time Catholic, but had been Protestantized during the Reformation.

  • Discontent with the Roman Catholic Church

    • The Protestant Reformation was the schism within Western Christianity initiated by Martin Luther, John Calvin, and other early Protestants.
    • The Protestant Reformation, often referred to simply as the Reformation, was a schism from the Roman Catholic Church initiated by Martin Luther and continued by other early Protestant reformers in Europe in the 16th century.
    • A revolt against Aristotelian logic, it placed great emphasis on reforming individuals through eloquence as opposed to reason.
    • The Reformation led to the creation of new national Protestant churches.
    • His death led to a radicalization of the Bohemian Reformation and to the Hussite Wars in the Crown of Bohemia.

  • Charlemagne's Reforms

    • As emperor, Charlemagne stood out for his many reforms—monetary, governmental, military, cultural, and ecclesiastical.
    • During this period there was an expansion of literature, writing, the arts, architecture, jurisprudence, liturgical reforms, and scriptural studies.
    • In addition to this macro-oriented reform of the economy, Charlemagne also performed a significant number of microeconomic reforms, such as direct control of prices and levies on certain goods and commodities.
    • Unlike his father, Pepin, and uncle Carloman, Charlemagne expanded the reform program of the church.
    • Around 780 Charlemagne reformed the local system of administering justice and created the scabini, professional experts on law.

  • Joseph II and Domestic Reform

    • Joseph looked on the tax and land reforms as being interconnected and strove to implement them at the same time.
    • The various commissions he established to formulate and carry out the reforms met resistance among the nobility, the peasantry, and some officials.
    • Joseph II recognized the importance of further reforms, continually attempting to destroy the economic subjugation through related laws, such as his Tax Decree of 1789.
    • Joseph’s latter reforms were withdrawn upon his death and the final emancipation reforms in the Empire were introduced only in 1848.
    • Joseph continued education and public health reforms initiated by his mother.

  • Empress Maria-Theresa

    • Maria Theresa implemented significant reforms to strengthen Austria's military and bureaucratic efficiency.
    • However, these financial reforms greatly improved the economy.
    • It was later reintroduced, but the progressive nature of these reforms remains noted.
    • Maria Theresa invested in reforms that advanced what today would be defined as the public health.
    • Education reform was met with much hostility.

  • Peter's Domestic Reforms

    • Through his expansive domestic reforms, Peter the Great modernized Russia but he also centralized power in his hand, significantly curbing the influence of the noble elites and the Orthodox Church.
    • Seeing boyars as obstacles standing in the way of Europeanization and reform, Peter introduced changes into a relatively antiquated system of Russian administration.
    • However, until Peter's reforms, the church had been relatively free in its internal governance.
    • Peter lost the support of the Russian clergy over his modernizing reforms as local hierarchs became very suspicious of his friendship with foreigners and his alleged Protestant propensities.
    • Explain Peter's domestic reforms and what he hoped to accomplish with each of them.

  • Efforts at Financial Reform

    • With the government deeply in debt, Louis XVI was forced to permit radical reforms.
    • He gained popularity by regulating the finances through modest tax and loan reforms.
    • While at court, Necker had made many enemies because of his reforming policies.
    • The king would not reform taxation to bring in more money to cover debts, nor would he listen to Necker and allow him to be a special adviser because this was strongly opposed by the ministers.
    • While Turgot and Necker had attempted similar reforms, Calonne attributed their failure to the opposition of the parlements.