urban planning

Examples of urban planning in the following topics:

• The Indus River Valley Civilization

  • The Indus cities are noted for their urban planning, baked brick houses, elaborate drainage systems, water supply systems, and clusters of large, non-residential buildings.
  • Mohenjo-daro is thought to have been built in the 26th century BCE and became not only the largest city of the Indus Valley Civilization but one of the world’s earliest, major urban centers.
  • Located west of the Indus River in the Larkana District, Mohenjo-daro was one of the most sophisticated cities of the period, with sophisticated engineering and urban planning.

• Cities of the Indus Valley Civilization

  • The Indus River Valley Civilization (IVC) contained urban centers with well-conceived and organized infrastructure, architecture, and systems of governance.
  • By 2600 BCE, the small Early Harappan communities had become large urban centers.
  • The quality of urban planning suggests efficient municipal governments that placed a high priority on hygiene or religious ritual.
  • Harappa, Mohenjo-daro, and the recently, partially-excavated Rakhigarhi demonstrate the world's first known urban sanitation systems.
  • The first is that there was a single state encompassing all the communities of the civilization, given the similarity in artifacts, the evidence of planned settlements, the standardized ratio of brick size, and the apparent establishment of settlements near sources of raw material.

• The Caral Civilization

  • This peaceful, urban center yielded several major discoveries, including a method of keeping records known as quipu.
  • The urban complex of Caral takes up more than 150 acres, and holds plazas, dwellings, and a 28-meters-high temple.
  • Its urban plan was used by Andean civilizations for the next four thousand years.

• Teotihuacan

  • The geographical layout of Teotihuacan is a good example of the Mesoamerican tradition of planning cities, settlements, and buildings as a reflection of the Universe.
  • Its urban grid is aligned to precisely 15.5º east of North.
  • Pecked-cross circles throughout the city and in the surrounding regions indicate how the people managed to maintain the urban grid over long distances.

• The Rise of Classical Greece

  • Many were initially established, as in Sparta, via a network of villages with a governance center being established in a central urban center.
  • In 490 BCE, a second force was sent to Greece across the Aegean Sea, successfully subjugating the Cyclades, though the Persians were defeated by the Athenians at the Battle of Marathon, putting a halt to Darius’s plan until his death in 486 BCE.

• The First Crusade

  • The First Crusade (1095–1099), called for by Pope Urban II, was the first of a number of crusades intended to recapture the Holy Lands.
  • It was launched on November 27, 1095, by Pope Urban II with the primary goal of responding to an appeal from Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos, who requested that western volunteers come to his aid and help to repel the invading Seljuq Turks from Anatolia (modern-day Turkey).
  • Pope Urban II planned the departure of the crusade for August 15, 1096; before this, a number of unexpected bands of peasants and low-ranking knights organized and set off for Jerusalem on their own, on an expedition known as the People's Crusade, led by a monk named Peter the Hermit.
  • The response was beyond expectations; while Urban might have expected a few thousand knights, he ended up with a migration numbering up to 40,000 Crusaders of mostly unskilled fighters, including women and children.

• The Marshall Plan and Molotov Plan

• The Schlieffen Plan

• The Chavín Civilization

  • From 400-250 BCE, Jarabarriu saw a dramatic increase in population, with an urban/suburban pattern of settlement.
  • These shamans were able to control and influence local citizens (probably partially through the use of psychotropic drugs), and were able to plan and carry out construction of temples and stone-walled galleries.

• Archaic Greece

  • The Archaic Period saw the increasing urbanization of Greek communities and the development of the concept of the polis.
  • The Archaic period saw significant urbanization and the development of the concept of the polis as it was used in classical Greece.
  • The process of urbanization known as “synoecism”, or the amalgamation of several small settlements into a single urban center, took place in much of Greece during the eighth century.