Examples of citation in the following topics:
-
- Different source types require different citation information when being cited in footnotes.
- Footnotes are the preferred citation method for the Chicago/Turabian Notes and Bibliography citation style.
- When using footnotes, you create what is essentially a "mini-citation" at the bottom of the page.
- Different types of source require different citation information, but they always follow the form of: author, title, publication information, and then either page number or website URL (all separated by commas).
-
- You will cite resources in two places: a brief citation in the text of your paper (in-text citation), and a full citation in a reference page at the end of your essay.
- In-text citations come in two forms: the parenthetical, and the footnote (or endnote).
- The following is an example of a parenthetical citation:
- Writing citations requires that you follow detailed formatting rules.
- Identify the different types of citations and where they should appear in your paper
-
- Chicago style, created by the University of Chicago, is the primary citation style used for papers in history.
- Chicago style is a citation and formatting style you may encounter in your academic career.
- Its sixteen editions have specified writing and citation styles widely used in publishing.
- For example, Chicago style does use the Oxford comma, which some other citation styles (e.g., AP style) do not.
- For instance, Author–Date citations are usually placed just inside a mark of punctuation.
-
- In Chicago/Turabian NB style, there are different formats for citations in your bibliography depending on the type of source you are citing.
- Now that you know the different components of a book citation in Chicago/Turabian Notes and Bibliography (NB) style and how the citation should be formatted, you will be able to understand the citation formats for other source types.
- Here are some example citations for the most common types of resources you will use.
-
- After the page title, leave two blank lines before your first citation.
- Unlike the rest of your paper, this page should not be double-spaced: leave a blank line between each citation, but the citations themselves should not be double-spaced.
- Your citations should be in alphabetical order by the first word in each citation (usually the author's last name).
- Each citation should be formatted with what is called a hanging indent.
- The first step in building each individual citation is to determine the type of resource you are citing, since in each citation style formatting differs slightly based on source type.
-
- After the page title, leave two blank lines before your first citation.
- Unlike the rest of your paper, this page should not be double-spaced: leave a blank line between each citation, but the citations themselves should not be double-spaced.
- Your citations should be in alphabetical order by the first word in each citation (usually the author's last name).
- The first step in building each individual citation is to determine the type of resource you are citing, since in each citation style formatting differs slightly based on source type.
- Much of this citation will look familiar to you now that you know the basics.
-
- When you tell the reader the author’s name and the date the source was published in the text of your paper, this is called an in-text citation.
- To cite this type of reference in the text, you should use what is known as a parenthetical—the citation information enclosed in parentheses—at the end of the relevant sentence.
- For an article with more than five authors, include only the first author's name followed by “et al.” and the year of publication in each in-text citation.
- If within this citation you also have multiple sources by the same author, after that author’s name separate the multiple dates of publication with a semicolon and order them chronologically (earliest to latest).
- You would then include these lowercase letters in your in-text citations as well:
-
- MLA style, created by the Modern Language Association of America, is the primary citation style used for papers in literature and media studies.
- MLA style is one of the most common citation and formatting styles you will encounter in your academic career.
- For example, MLA style does use the Oxford comma, which some other citation styles (e.g., AP style) do not.
- MLA style also provides guidelines for citing your sources—in fact, this is why it is called a "citation style."
-
- An annotated bibliography is a list of all your sources, including full citation information and notes on how you will use the sources.
- An annotated bibliography is a list of all the sources you have researched, including both their full bibliographic citations and some notes on how you might want to use each resource in your work.
- The first part of each entry in an annotated bibliography is the source's full citation.
- A description of common citation practices can be found in the section entitled "Citing Sources Fully, Accurately, and Appropriately," and detailed instructions can be found in the style manual for whatever format your professor wants you to use.
-
- When you do this within the text the reader the author’s name and the date the source was published in the text of your paper, this is called an in-text citation.
- The Chicago/Turabian citation style uses in-text citations only in its Author–Date method, which is generally used for social science papers and is explained below.
- If your professor asks you to cite sources with footnotes and bibliography rather than in-text citations, make sure you use the Notes and Bibliography (NB) method rather than the Author–Date method described here.
- To cite this type of reference in the text, you should use what is known as a parenthetical—citation information enclosed in parentheses—at the end of the relevant sentence.
- If within this citation you also have multiple sources by the same author, after that author’s name, separate the multiple dates of publication with a comma, and order them chronologically (earliest to latest).