Examples of ATP synthase in the following topics:
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- Similarly, hydrogen ions in the matrix space can only pass through the inner mitochondrial membrane through a membrane protein called ATP synthase.
- Chemiosmosis is used to generate 90 percent of the ATP made during aerobic glucose catabolism.
- The production of ATP using the process of chemiosmosis in mitochondria is called oxidative phosphorylation.
- In oxidative phosphorylation, the hydrogen ion gradient formed by the electron transport chain is used by ATP synthase to form ATP.
- ATP synthase is a complex, molecular machine that uses a proton (H+) gradient to form ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi).
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- Cytochrome b6f complex and ATP synthase are also major protein complexes in the thylakoid membrane that work with the photosystems to create ATP and NADPH.
- Cytochrome b6f and ATP synthase work together to create ATP.
- The energy released by the hydrogen ion stream allows ATP synthase to attach a third phosphate group to ADP, which forms ATP .
- This flow of hydrogen ions through ATP synthase is called chemiosmosis because the ions move from an area of high to an area of low concentration through a semi-permeable structure.
- ATP synthase uses this electrochemical gradient to make ATP.
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- Unlike in primary active transport, in secondary active transport, ATP is not directly coupled to the molecule of interest.
- While this process still consumes ATP to generate that gradient, the energy is not directly used to move the molecule across the membrane, hence it is known as secondary active transport.
- This secondary process is also used to store high-energy hydrogen ions in the mitochondria of plant and animal cells for the production of ATP.
- The potential energy that accumulates in the stored hydrogen ions is translated into kinetic energy as the ions surge through the channel protein ATP synthase, and that energy is used to convert ADP into ATP.
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- Cells couple the exergonic reaction of ATP hydrolysis with endergonic reactions to harness the energy within the bonds of ATP.
- Since ATP hydrolysis releases energy, ATP synthesis must require an input of free energy.
- ATP is a highly unstable molecule.
- ATP is the primary energy currency of the cell.
- Explain the role of ATP as the currency of cellular energy
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- This repulsion makes the ADP and ATP molecules inherently unstable.
- The energy from ATP can also be used to drive chemical reactions by coupling ATP hydrolysis with another reaction process in an enzyme.
- In reactions where ATP is involved, ATP is one of the substrates and ADP is a product.
- A + enzyme + ATP→[ A enzyme −P ] B + enzyme + ADP + phosphate ion
- Compare the two methods by which cells utilize ATP for energy.
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- Adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, is the primary energy currency in cells.
- ATP stores energy in phosphate ester bonds, releasing energy when the phosphodiester bonds are broken: ATP is converted to ADP and a phosphate group.
- ATP is required for all cellular functions.
- When the amount of ATP available is in excess of the body's requirements, the liver uses the excess ATP and excess glucose to produce molecules called glycogen (a polymeric form of glucose) that is stored in the liver and skeletal muscle cells.
- ATP is the energy molecule of the cell.
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- One glucose molecule produces four ATP, two NADH, and two pyruvate molecules during glycolysis.
- Glycolysis starts with one molecule of glucose and ends with two pyruvate (pyruvic acid) molecules, a total of four ATP molecules, and two molecules of NADH .
- Two ATP molecules were used in the first half of the pathway to prepare the six-carbon ring for cleavage, so the cell has a net gain of two ATP molecules and 2 NADH molecules for its use.
- Instead, glycolysis is their sole source of ATP.
- In this situation, the entire glycolysis pathway will continue to proceed, but only two ATP molecules will be made in the second half (instead of the usual four ATP molecules).
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- ATP is critical for muscle contractions because it breaks the myosin-actin cross-bridge, freeing the myosin for the next contraction.
- ATP is critical to prepare myosin for binding and to "recharge" the myosin.
- ATP first binds to myosin, moving it to a high-energy state.
- The ATP is hydrolyzed into ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi) by the enzyme ATPase.
- Therefore, without ATP, muscles would remain in their contracted state, rather than their relaxed state.
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- In a eukaryotic cell, the process of cellular respiration can metabolize one molecule of glucose into 30 to 32 ATP.
- The number of ATP molecules generated via the catabolism of glucose can vary substantially.
- ATP is the main source of energy in many living organisms.
- Glycolysis on the left portion of this illustration can be seen to yield 2 ATP molecules, while the Electron Transport Chain portion at the upper right will yield the remaining 30-32 ATP molecules under the presence of oxygen.
- Describe the origins of variability in the amount of ATP that is produced per molecule of glucose consumed
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- In the second half of glycolysis, energy is released in the form of 4 ATP molecules and 2 NADH molecules.
- So far, glycolysis has cost the cell two ATP molecules and produced two small, three-carbon sugar molecules.
- Both of these molecules will proceed through the second half of the pathway where sufficient energy will be extracted to pay back the two ATP molecules used as an initial investment while also producing a profit for the cell of two additional ATP molecules and two even higher-energy NADH molecules .
- Note that the second phosphate group does not require another ATP molecule.
- The second half of glycolysis involves phosphorylation without ATP investment (step 6) and produces two NADH and four ATP molecules per glucose.