limbic system

Examples of limbic system in the following topics:

• Brain: Midbrain and Brain Stem

  • The hypothalamus controls the endocrine system by sending signals to the pituitary gland, a pea-sized endocrine gland that releases several different hormones that affect other glands as well as other cells.
  • The limbic system is a connected set of structures that regulates emotion, as well as behaviors related to fear and motivation .
  • One important structure within the limbic system is a temporal lobe structure called the amygdala (Greek for "almond").
  • The limbic system regulates emotion and other behaviors.

• The Nervous System

  • The nervous system is composed of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system (nerves).
  • The nervous system of higher vertebrates (the group that includes humans) is a widely-distributed communication and processing network that serves controlling functions over other organ systems.
  • Two major divisions of the nervous system are the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
  • In mammals, these include the cortex (which can be broken down into four primary functional lobes: frontal, temporal, occipital, and parietal), basal ganglia, thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system, cerebellum, and brainstem; although structures in some of these designations overlap.
  • The autonomic nervous system, also part of the peripheral nervous system, controls internal body functions that are not under conscious control.

• Brain: Cerebral Cortex and Brain Lobes

  • The brain is the part of the central nervous system that is contained in the cranial cavity of the skull.
  • It includes the cerebral cortex, limbic system, basal ganglia, thalamus, hypothalamus, and cerebellum.
  • The outermost part of the brain is a thick piece of nervous system tissue called the cerebral cortex, which is folded into hills called gyri (singular: gyrus) and valleys called sulci (singular: sulcus).
  • While patients do suffer some deficits following the surgery, they can have surprisingly few problems, especially when the surgery is performed on children who have relatively-undeveloped nervous systems.

• Plant Tissues and Organ Systems

• Open and Closed Circulatory Systems

  • In a closed circulatory system, blood is contained inside blood vessels, circulating unidirectionally (in one direction) from the heart around the systemic circulatory route, then returning to the heart again.
  • In contrast to a closed system, arthropods (including insects, crustaceans, and most mollusks) have an open circulatory system.
  • An open circulatory system does not use as much energy to operate and maintain as a closed system; however, there is a trade-off with the amount of blood that can be moved to metabolically-active organs and tissues that require high levels of oxygen.
  • Most vertebrates and some invertebrates, such as this annelid earthworm, have a closed circulatory system.
  • Arthropods, such as this bee and most mollusks, have open circulatory systems.

• The Role of the Circulatory System

  • The circulatory system can be thought of as a highway system that runs throughout the body .
  • At the core of the human circulatory system is the heart .
  • Gas exchange is one essential function of the circulatory system.
  • Just as highway systems transport people and goods through a complex network, the circulatory system transports nutrients, gases, and wastes throughout the animal body.
  • The heart is central to the human circulatory system, as it pumps blood throughout the body.

• Functions of the Musculoskeletal System

  • The musculoskeletal system provides form, support, stability, and movement to the body.
  • The body's bones (the skeletal system), muscles (muscular system), cartilage, tendons, ligaments, joints, and other connective tissue that supports and binds tissues and organs together comprise the musculoskeletal system.
  • Most importantly, the system provides form, support, stability, and movement to the body.
  • These potentially debilitating diseases can be difficult to diagnose due to the close relation of the musculoskeletal system to other internal systems.
  • The bones of the skeletal system protect the body's internal organs, support the weight of the body, and serve as the main storage system for calcium and phosphorus.

• Neurons and Glial Cells

  • In most types of vertebrate animals, it consists of two main parts: the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
  • The PNS includes motor neurons (mediating voluntary movement), the autonomic nervous system (comprising the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system, which regulate involuntary functions), and the enteric nervous system (a semi-independent part of the nervous system whose function is to control the gastrointestinal system).
  • The nervous system performs several functions simultaneously.
  • Some organisms, such as sea sponges, lack a true nervous system.
  • Flatworms of the phylum Platyhelminthes have both a central nervous system, made up of a small "brain" and two nerve cords, and a peripheral nervous system containing a system of nerves that extend throughout the body.

• Structure and Function of the Muscular System

  • The muscular system is made up of muscle tissue and is responsible for functions such as maintenance of posture, locomotion and control of various circulatory systems.
  • The muscular system is closely associated with the skeletal system in facilitating movement.
  • Both voluntary and involuntary muscular system functions are controlled by the nervous system.
  • Smooth muscle tissue is associated with numerous organs and tissue systems, such as the digestive system and respiratory system.
  • Skeletal muscle of the muscular system is closely associated with the skeletal system and acts to maintain posture and control voluntary movement.

• Autonomic Nervous System

  • The autonomic nervous system, the relay between the CNS and internal organs, is divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.
  • The autonomic nervous system (ANS) serves as the relay between the central nervous system (CNS) and the internal organs.
  • There are two divisions of the autonomic nervous system that often have opposing effects: the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system .
  • The sympathetic system activates the "fight or flight" response, while the parasympathetic system activates the "rest and digest" response.
  • In the autonomic nervous system, a preganglionic neuron of the CNS synapses with a postganglionic neuron of the parasympathetic nervous system.