Examples of musculoskeletal system in the following topics:
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- The musculoskeletal system provides form, support, stability, and movement to the body.
- The musculoskeletal system provides support to the body and gives humans (and many animal species) the ability to move.
- The body's bones (the skeletal system), muscles (muscular system), cartilage, tendons, ligaments, joints, and other connective tissue that supports and binds tissues and organs together comprise the musculoskeletal system.
- These potentially debilitating diseases can be difficult to diagnose due to the close relation of the musculoskeletal system to other internal systems.
- In humans, the most common musculoskeletal diseases worldwide are caused by malnutrition.
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- The muscular system is made up of
muscle tissue and is responsible for functions such as maintenance of posture,
locomotion and control of various circulatory systems.
- The muscular system is closely associated with the skeletal system in facilitating
movement.
- Both voluntary and involuntary muscular system functions are controlled by the nervous system.
- Smooth muscle tissue is associated with numerous organs and tissue systems, such as the digestive system and respiratory system.
- Skeletal muscle of the muscular system is closely associated with the skeletal system and acts to maintain posture and control voluntary movement.
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- They diagnose and treat diseases such as arthritis, musculoskeletal disorders, osteoporosis, and autoimmune diseases such as ankylosing spondylitis and rheumatoid arthritis.
- Although it is known that RA is an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissue, the cause of RA remains unknown.
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- In a closed circulatory system, blood is contained inside blood vessels, circulating unidirectionally (in one direction) from the heart around the systemic circulatory route, then returning to the heart again.
- In contrast to a closed system, arthropods (including insects, crustaceans, and most mollusks) have an open circulatory system.
- An open circulatory system does not use as much energy to operate and maintain as a closed system; however, there is a trade-off with the amount of blood that can be moved to metabolically-active organs and tissues that require high levels of oxygen.
- Most vertebrates and some invertebrates, such as this annelid earthworm, have a closed circulatory system.
- Arthropods, such as this bee and most mollusks, have open circulatory systems.
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- The circulatory system can be thought of as a highway system that runs throughout the body .
- At the core of the human circulatory system is the heart .
- Gas exchange is one essential function of the circulatory system.
- Just as highway systems transport people and goods through a complex network, the circulatory system transports nutrients, gases, and wastes throughout the animal body.
- The heart is central to the human circulatory system, as it pumps blood throughout the body.
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- In most types of vertebrate animals, it consists of two main parts: the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
- The PNS includes motor neurons (mediating voluntary movement), the autonomic nervous system (comprising the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system, which regulate involuntary functions), and the enteric nervous system (a semi-independent part of the nervous system whose function is to control the gastrointestinal system).
- The nervous system performs several functions simultaneously.
- Some organisms, such as sea sponges, lack a true nervous system.
- Flatworms of the phylum Platyhelminthes have both a central nervous system, made up of a small "brain" and two nerve cords, and a peripheral nervous system containing a system of nerves that extend throughout the body.
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- The autonomic nervous system, the relay between the CNS and internal organs, is divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.
- The autonomic nervous system (ANS) serves as the relay between the central nervous system (CNS) and the internal organs.
- There are two divisions of the autonomic nervous system that often have opposing effects: the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system .
- The sympathetic system activates the "fight or flight" response, while the parasympathetic system activates the "rest and digest" response.
- In the autonomic nervous system, a preganglionic neuron of the CNS synapses with a postganglionic neuron of the parasympathetic nervous system.
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- The nervous system is composed of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system (nerves).
- The nervous system of higher vertebrates (the group that includes humans) is a widely-distributed communication and processing network that serves controlling functions over other organ systems.
- A classification of the nervous system can be performed under different aspects.
- Two major divisions of the nervous system are the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
- The autonomic nervous system, also part of the peripheral nervous system, controls internal body functions that are not under conscious control.
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- Around 20 soluble proteins comprise the complement system, which helps destroy extracellular microorganisms that have invaded the body.
- Using a combination of cellular and molecular attacks, the innate immune system identifies the nature of a pathogen and responds with inflammation, phagocytosis (where a cell engulfs a foreign particle), cytokine release, destruction by NK cells, and/or a complement system.
- In this concept, we will discuss the complement system.
- An array of approximately 20 types of soluble proteins, called a complement system, functions to destroy extracellular pathogens.
- The complement system is so named because it is complementary to the antibody response of the adaptive immune system.