Examples of somatic cell in the following topics:
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- Single-celled organisms use cell division as their method of reproduction.
- While there are a few cells in the body that do not undergo cell division, most somatic cells divide regularly.
- A somatic cell is a general term for a body cell: all human cells, except for the cells that produce eggs and sperm (which are referred to as germ cells), are somatic cells.
- Somatic cells contain two copies of each of their chromosomes (one copy received from each parent).
- The cell cycle is an ordered series of events involving cell growth and cell division that produces two new daughter cells.
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- Three basic categories of cells make up the mammalian body: germ cells, somatic cells, and stem cells.
- Somatic cells are diploid cells that make up most of the human body, such as the skin and muscle.
- Hematopoietic stem cells (adult stem cells) from the bone marrow that give rise to red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
- Mesenchymal stem cells (adult stem cells) from the bone marrow that give rise to stromal cells, fat cells, and types of bone cells;
- Epithelial stem cells (progenitor cells) that give rise to the various types of skin cells
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- Each somatic cell in the body generally contains the same DNA.
- If each cell has the same DNA, how is it that cells or organs are different?
- Why do cells in the eye differ so dramatically from cells in the liver ?
- The genetic content of each somatic cell in an organism is the same, but not all genes are expressed in every cell.
- The control of which genes are expressed dictates whether a cell is (a) an eye cell or (b) a liver cell.
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- Before discussing the steps a cell must undertake to replicate, a deeper understanding of the structure and function of a cell's genetic information is necessary.
- The region in the cell containing this genetic material is called a nucleoid.
- A typical body cell, or somatic cell, contains two matched sets of chromosomes, a configuration known as diploid.
- Human cells that contain one set of chromosomes are called gametes, or sex cells; these are eggs and sperm, and are designated 1n, or haploid.
- There are 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes in a female human somatic cell.
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- These telomeres protect the important genes from being deleted as cells divide and as DNA strands shorten during replication.
- After each round of DNA replication, some telomeric sequences are lost at the 5' end of the newly synthesized strand on each daughter DNA, but because these are noncoding sequences, their loss does not adversely affect the cell.
- Telomerase is typically active in germ cells and adult stem cells, but is not active in adult somatic cells.
- As a result, telomerase does not protect the DNA of adult somatic cells and their telomeres continually shorten as they undergo rounds of cell division.
- In the studies, the scientists used telomerase-deficient mice with tissue atrophy, stem cell depletion, organ failure, and impaired tissue injury responses.
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- During differentiation, the embryonic stem cells express specific sets of genes which will determine their ultimate cell type.
- For example, some cells in the ectoderm (the outer tissue layer of the embryo) will express the genes specific to skin cells.
- As a result, these cells will differentiate into epidermal cells.
- The nematode C.elegans has roughly 1000 somatic cells and scientists have studied the fate of each of these cells during their development in the nematode life cycle.
- The remaining cells in the center form the neural plate.
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- Sexual reproduction requires two cells; when the haploid egg and sperm cells fuse, a diploid zygote results.
- If the haploid nucleus of an egg cell is replaced with a diploid nucleus from the cell of any individual of the same species (called a donor), it will become a zygote that is genetically identical to the donor.
- Somatic cell nuclear transfer is the technique of transferring a diploid nucleus into an enucleated egg.
- There have been attempts at producing cloned human embryos as sources of embryonic stem cells.
- To create Dolly, the nucleus was removed from a donor egg cell.
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- Somatic cells in yeast form buds.
- During budding (a type of cytokinesis), a bulge forms on the side of the cell, the nucleus divides mitotically, and the bud ultimately detaches itself from the mother cell.
- Other asexual spores originate in the fragmentation of a hypha to form single cells that are released as spores; some of these have a thick wall surrounding the fragment.
- Yet others bud off the vegetative parent cell.
- First, during plasmogamy (literally, "marriage or union of cytoplasm"), two haploid cells fuse, leading to a dikaryotic stage where two haploid nuclei coexist in a single cell.
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- These muscle cells are relatively long and have multiple nuclei along the edge of the cell.
- Skeletal muscle is under voluntary, somatic nervous system control and is found in the muscles that move bones.
- Stimulation of these cells by somatic motor neurons signals the cells to contract.
- An added feature to cardiac muscle cells is a line that extends along the end of the cell as it abuts the next cardiac cell in the row.
- Smooth muscle cells do not have striations, while skeletal muscle cells do.
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- The sensory-somatic nervous system is composed of cranial and spinal nerves and contains both sensory and motor neurons.
- The sensory neuron cell bodies are grouped in structures called dorsal root ganglia .
- The cell bodies of sensory neurons are located in dorsal root ganglia.
- The cell bodies of motor neurons are found in the ventral portion of the gray matter of the spinal cord.
- Explain the role of the cranial and spinal nerves in the sensory-somatic nervous system