collective bargaining

Examples of collective bargaining in the following topics:

• A Brief Definition

  • Through collective bargaining, employers and employees negotiate the conditions of employment.
  • The right to collectively bargain is recognized through international human rights conventions.
  • The parties often refer to the result of the negotiation as a collective bargaining agreement (CBA) or as a collective employment agreement (CEA).
  • Different economic theories provide a number of models intended to explain some aspects of collective bargaining:
  • Define the monopoly union model, the right-to-manage model, and the efficient bargaining model as theories of collective bargaining

• National Labor Relations Act

  • Protecting a wide range of activities, whether a union is involved or not, in order to promote organization and collective bargaining
  • Allowance of one exclusive bargaining representative for a unit of employees
  • Refusing to bargain collectively with the representative of the employer's employees
  • *Section 7 rights include: freedom of association; mutual aid or protection; self-organization; to form, join, or assist labor organizations; to bargain collectively for wages and working conditions through representatives of their own choosing; and to engage in other protected concerted activities with or without a union.
  • More recent failed amendments included attempts in 1978 to permit triple backpay awards and union collective bargaining certification based on signed union authorization cards—a provision similar to a proposed amendment in the Employee Free Choice Act.

• Resolving Disagreements

  • The strike never resumed, as the miners received more pay for fewer hours; the owners got a higher price for coal, and did not recognize the trade union as a bargaining agent.
  • Labor arbitration comes in two varieties: interest arbitration, which provides a method for resolving disputes about the terms to be included in a new contract when the parties are unable to agree, and grievance arbitration, which provides a method for resolving disputes over the interpretation and application of a collective bargaining agreement.
  • This type of arbitration, wherein a neutral arbitrator decides the terms of the collective bargaining agreement, is commonly known as interest arbitration.
  • Unions and employers have also employed arbitration to resolve employee and union grievances arising under a collective bargaining agreement.
  • The Court held that grievance arbitration was a preferred dispute resolution technique and that courts could not overturn arbitrators' awards unless the award does not draw its essence from the collective bargaining agreement.

• National Labor Relations Act

  • The National Labor Relations Act limits employers' relations to workers who create labor unions and collectively act in support of demands.
  • The National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) is a 1935 United States federal law that limits the means with which employers may react to workers in the private sector who create labor unions, engage in collective bargaining, and take part in strikes and other forms of concerted activity in support of their demands.
  • Encouraging the practice and procedure of collective bargaining by protecting the exercise by workers of full freedom of association, self-organization, and designation of representatives of their own choosing.
  • Protecting a wide range of activities, whether a union is involved or not, in order to promote organization and collective bargaining.
  • Refusing to bargain collectively with the representative of the employer's employees.

• Organized Labor

  • The trade union, through its leadership, bargains with the employer on behalf of union members (rank and file members) and negotiates labor contracts (collective bargaining) with employers.

• Strikes

  • Most strikes are undertaken by labor unions during collective bargaining.
  • The object of collective bargaining is to obtain a contract (an agreement between the union and the company) which may include a no-strike clause or penalizes the union and/or the workers if they walk out while the contract is in force.

• When innovation fails: deleting products

  • Through collective bargaining and related tactics, they can have a strong influence on political decision making.

• Trends in Labor-Management Relations

  • Over the last decades, unions' influence has waned, and workers' collective voice in the political process has weakened.
  • In 1958, New York Mayor Robert Wagner, Jr. issued an executive order, called "the little Wagner Act," giving city employees bargaining rights, and their unions exclusive representation.

• Porter’s 5 forces and the analysis of competitors

  • Consequently, the firm can be seen as always bargaining with customers for the firm's potential profits.
  • The firm is in the strongest bargaining position when it understands its buyer's needs.
  • For example, a firm that has many competitors offering a similar product will have customers with significant bargaining power.
  • For this to be a powerful bargaining tool for the customer, the switch from one firm to another must be cost-efficient and easy.
  • If it is expensive or burdensome to switch products, customers will also lose bargaining power.

• Putting together a clean production line

  • Buying a cheaper piece of equipment is not always the bargain it seems.