actual yield

Examples of actual yield in the following topics:

• Calculating Theoretical and Percent Yield

  • It is the ratio between the actual yield and the theoretical yield.
  • However, the amount of product actually produced by the reaction will usually be less than the theoretical yield and is referred to as the actual yield.
  • Then the theoretical yield of the product can be determined and, finally, compared to the actual yield.
  • If 18.0 grams were actually produced, the percent yield could be calculated:
  • Calculate the percent yield of a reaction, distinguishing from theoretical and actual yield.

• Base Dissociation Constant

  • Substituting this expression for [OH−] into the expression for Kb yields:
  • Taking the negative log of both sides yields the following useful equation:
  • In actuality, there is no need to define pKb separately from pKa, but it is done here because pKb values are found in some of the older chemistry literature.

• Accuracy, Precision, and Error

  • If you have actually done this in the laboratory, you will know it is highly unlikely that the second trial will yield the same result as the first.

• Nature of Acids and Bases

  • By definition, a strong acid is one that completely dissociates in water; in other words, one mole of the generic strong acid, HA, will yield one mole of H+, one mole of the conjugate base, A−, with none of the unprotonated acid HA remaining in solution.
  • These two factors are actually related.
  • Thus, deprotonated water yields hydroxide ions, which is no surprise.
  • Acids and bases react with one another to yield water and a salt.
  • Ever wondered what the heck an Acid or Base actually is?

• Specialized Equilibrium Constants

  • In this process, one molecule of water donates a proton to a neighboring water molecule, which yields hydronium and hydroxide ions.
  • As described previously, hydrogen ions actually exist as solvated hydronium ions in aqueous solutions.
  • A water molecule protonates a neighboring water molecule, yielding hydronium and hydroxide ions.

• Cyclohexadienone Reactions

  • Although 2,3-diphenylphenol was a product from irradiation in aqueous dioxane, it is actually formed from 6,6-diphenylbicyclo[3.1.0]hex-3-ene-2-one, the initial rearrangement product.
  • In dioxane or benzene solution irradiation with 254 nm light gave a high yield of a tetracyclic isomer named lumisantonin.
  • Nevertheless, the photochemical reaction is unlikely to proceed by way of lumisantonin, since heat is not required and photolysis of lumisantonin in aqueous acetic acid yields photosantonic acid rather than isophotosantonic lactone.
  • Other 2,5-cyclohexadienones often yield phenols on irradiation, examples being 4,4-diphenyl-2,5-cyclohexadienone and the four reactions drawn in the following diagram.

• Constant-Volume Calorimetry

  • After the oxygen is added, a fuse would ignite the sample causing it to combust, thereby yielding carbon dioxide, gaseous water, and heat.
  • For example, we cannot digest fiber, so obtained values have to be corrected to account for such differences between experimental (total) and actual (what the human body can absorb) values.

• The Hydrogen Bomb

  • This indirectly results in a greatly increased energy yield, i.e., the bomb's "power."
  • It should be noted that no hydrogen bomb has ever been used during the course of an actual war.

• Background & Introduction

  • This solution yielded a colorless, crystalline C38H30 hydrocarbon which Gomberg assumed to be hexaphenylethane.
  • If the para-locations are themselves hindered by large meta substituents, then an unstable hexaarylethane may actually be formed.

• Cycloaddition Reactions

  • The second cycloaddition is slower than the first, so the monoadduct shown here is easily prepared in good yield.
  • Since the diene and dienophile are joined by a chain of atoms, the resulting [4+2] cycloaddition actually forms two new rings, one from the cycloaddition and the other from the linking chain.