intensive property

Examples of intensive property in the following topics:

• Physical and Chemical Properties of Matter

  • Properties of matter can be classified as either extensive or intensive and as either physical or chemical.
  • All properties of matter are either extensive or intensive and either physical or chemical.
  • Both extensive and intensive properties are physical properties, which means they can be measured without changing the substance's chemical identity.
  • Some examples of physical properties are:
  • Recognize the difference between physical and chemical, and intensive and extensive, properties

• Molality

  • Molality is a property of a solution that indicates the moles of solute per kilogram of solvent.
  • Molality is an intensive property of solutions, and it is calculated as the moles of a solute divided by the kilograms of the solvent.
  • Molality is an intensive property, and is therefore independent of the amount being measured.
  • Calculate the molality of a solution and explain how it is a colligative property

• Specific Heat and Heat Capacity

  • Heat capacity is an intrinsic physical property of a substance that measures the amount of heat required to change that substance's temperature by a given amount.
  • Heat capacity is an extensive property, meaning that it is dependent upon the size/mass of the sample.
  • There are two derived quantities that specify heat capacity as an intensive property (i.e., independent of the size of a sample) of a substance.

• Allotropes of Carbon

  • Various allotropes of carbon exhibit different properties and find applications in a variety of fields.
  • Graphite also has self-lubricating and dry lubricating properties.
  • This material displays extraordinary electrical, thermal, and physical properties.
  • Buckyballs and buckytubes have been the subject of intense research, both because of their unique chemistry and for their technological applications, especially in materials science, electronics, and nanotechnology.
  • Nanobuds therefore exhibit properties of both nanotubes and fullerenes.

• Physical Properties and Atomic Size

  • Due to partially-filled d subshells, transition metals possess a number of unique properties.
  • There are a number of properties shared by the transition elements that are not found in other elements, which result from the partially filled d subshell.
  • Tetrahedral complexes have a somewhat more intense color because mixing d and p orbitals is possible when there is no center of symmetry, so transitions are not pure d-d transitions.
  • Anti-ferromagnetism is another example of a magnetic property arising from a particular alignment of individual spins in the solid state.
  • These properties are due to metallic bonding by delocalized d electrons, leading to cohesion which increases with the number of shared electrons.

• Standard Units (SI Units)

  • It should be apparent that the move into modern times has greatly refined the conditions of measurement for each basic unit in the SI system, making the measurement of, for example, the luminous intensity of a light source a standard measurement in every laboratory in the world.
  • The candela (cd) was so named to refer to "candlepower" back in the days when candles were the most common source of illumination (because so many people used candles, their properties were standardized).
  • Now, with the prevalence of incandescent and fluorescent light sources, the candela is defined as the luminous intensity in a given direction of a source that emits monochromatic radiation of frequency $540 \cdot 10^{12}$ Hertz and that has a radiant intensity in that direction of 1/683 watts per steradian.

• Properties of Waves and Light

  • In many cases, the properties of light can be explained as a wave, as was shown in Young's double-slit experiment.
  • In this section, we will focus on the wave-like properties of light.
  • Pressure variations through air, transverse motions along a guitar string, or variations in the intensities of the local electric and magnetic fields in space, which constitute electromagnetic radiation, are all typical examples of wave motion.
  • There are three measurable properties of wave motion: amplitude, wavelength, and frequency (the number of vibrations per second).
  • Discuss how wave motion arises and its measurable properties, noting the conlcusions of Young's double slit experiment

• Optical Activity

  • Identifying and distinguishing enantiomers is inherently difficult, since their physical and chemical properties are largely identical.
  • A sample cell holder is located in line with the light beam, followed by a movable polarizer (the analyzer) and an eyepiece through which the light intensity can be observed.
  • In the absence of a sample, the light intensity at the detector is at a maximum when the second (movable) polarizer is set parallel to the first polarizer (α = 0º).
  • However, if a single enantiomer is examined (all sample molecules being right-handed, or all being left-handed), the plane of polarization is rotated in either a clockwise (positive) or counter-clockwise (negative) direction, and the analyzer must be turned an appropriate matching angle, α, if full light intensity is to reach the detector.

• Esters

  • Their flexibility and low polarity affects their physical properties on a macroscopic scale; they tend to be less rigid, leading to a lower melting point, and more volatile, leading to a lower boiling point, than the corresponding amides.
  • IR (infrared) spectra for esters feature an intense, sharp band in the range 1730–1750 cm−1 assigned to νC=O, or vibration of the C=O bond.

• Planck's Quantum Theory

  • Electromagnetic (EM) radiation is a form of energy with both wave-like and particle-like properties; visible light being a well-known example.
  • Replacement of light with twice the intensity and half the frequency will not produce the same outcome, contrary to what would be expected if light acted strictly as a wave.
  • Light has many properties associated with its wave nature, and the wavelength in part determines these properties.