n-type semiconductor

Examples of n-type semiconductor in the following topics:

• Doping: Connectivity of Semiconductors

  • When we place p-type and n-type semiconductors in contact with one another, a p-n junction is formed. p-n junctions are basic components of most common electrical devices.
  • While semiconductors doped with either n-type dopants or p-type dopants are better conductors than intrinsic semiconductors, interesting properties emerge when p- and n-type semiconductors are combined to form a p-n junction.
  • Combining n-type and p-type semiconductors creates a system which has useful applications in modern electronics.
  • The p-n junction forms between juxtaposed p- and n-type semiconductors.
  • The free electrons from the n-type semiconductor combine with the holes in the p-type semiconductor near the junction.

• Semiconductors

  • These are also called "undoped semiconductors" or "i-type semiconductors. "
  • There are two types of extrinsic semiconductors that result from doping: atoms that have an extra electron (n-type for negative, from group V, such as phosphorus) and atoms that have one fewer electron (p-type for positive, from group III, such as boron).
  • N-type semiconductors are a type of extrinsic semiconductor in which the dopant atoms are capable of providing extra conduction electrons to the host material (e.g. phosphorus in silicon).
  • This creates an excess of negative (n-type) electron charge carriers.
  • Compare N-type and P-type semi-conductors, distinguishing them from semi-conductors and insulators using band theory.

• Sulfur Compounds

  • Sodium dithionite, (S2O42−) contains the more highly reducing dithionite anion; sodium dithionate (Na2S2O6) is the first member of the polythionic acids (H2SnO6), where n can range from 3 to many.
  • An important S–N compound is the cage tetrasulfur tetranitride (S4N4).
  • These materials tend to be dark-colored semiconductors that are not readily attacked by water or even many acids.
  • The mineral galena (PbS) was the first demonstrated semiconductor.
  • In the most common type of industrial "curing" or hardening and strengthening of natural rubber, elemental sulfur is heated with the rubber until chemical reactions form disulfide bridges between isoprene units of the polymer.

• Electron Configurations and Magnetic Properties of Ions

  • In bulk materials, this same idea helps explain the peculiar properties of lasers and semiconductors.
  • Permanent magnets have persistent magnetic fields caused by ferromagnetism, the strongest and most familiar type of magnetism.
  • Each diagonal red arrow corresponds to a different value of n + l.
  • There are various types of magnetism identified to date that can be organized in a hierarchy.
  • Predict the type of ions an element will form based on its position in the periodic table

• Allotropes of Carbon

  • There are three types of natural graphite:
  • Graphene is a semi-metal or zero-gap semiconductor, allowing it to display high electron mobility at room temperature.
  • Other allotropes of carbon include carbon nanofoam, which is a low-density cluster assembly of carbon atoms strung together in a loose three-dimensional web; pure atomic and diatomic carbon; and linear acetylenic carbon, which is a one-dimensional carbon polymer with the structure -(C:::C)n-.

• Elemental Boron

  • Elemental boron is used as a dopant in the semiconductor industry.
  • AI-2 is used by many types of bacteria as a signaling molecule mediating quorum sensing.

• Determining Atomic Structures by X-Ray Crystallography

  • Substances including inorganic salts and minerals, semiconductors, and organic and biological compounds can form crystals under suitable and specific conditions.
  • The best x-ray crystallographic structures are derived from the purest crystal samples, meaning samples that contain only molecules of one type and as few impurities as possible.

• Covalent Crystals

  • It is found in a certain type of meteorite that is thought to originate outside of our solar system.
  • Its extreme hardness and ease of synthesis have led to a diversity of applications -- in cutting tools and abrasives, high-temperature semiconductors and other high-temperature applications, the manufacturing of specialty steels and jewelry, and many more.
  • Silicon carbide is an extremely rare mineral, and in nature is is mostly found in a certain type of meteorite.

• Trihalides: Boron-Halogen Compounds

  • The electronics industry uses boron tribromide as a boron source in pre-deposition processes for doping in the manufacture of semiconductors.
  • Boron (III) trifluoride structure, BF3, showing the "empty" boron p orbital in pi-type coordinate covalent bonds.

• Description of the Hydrogen Atom

  • The Schrödinger equation also applies to more complicated atoms and molecules, albeit they rapidly become impossibly difficult beyond hydrogen or other two-body type problems, such as helium cation He+.
  • This leads to a third quantum number, the principal quantum number n = 1, 2, 3, ....
  • Note the maximum value of the angular momentum quantum number is limited by the principal quantum number: it can run only up to n − 1, i.e. ℓ = 0, 1, ..., n − 1.
  • In addition, for the hydrogen atom, states of the same n but different ℓ are also degenerate (i.e. they have the same energy).
  • $E_{ jn }=\frac { -13.6eV }{ n^{ 2 } } \left[1+\frac { \alpha ^{ 2 } }{ n^{ 2 } } \left( \frac { n }{ j+\frac { 1 }{ 2 } } -\frac { 3 }{ 4 } \right)\right]$