Examples of polyhalogenated compounds in the following topics:
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- Halogens are highly reactive and can form hydrogen halides, metal halides, organic halides, interhalogens, and polyhalogenated compounds.
- These include highly ionic compounds such as sodium chloride, monomeric covalent compounds such as uranium hexafluoride, and polymeric covalent compounds such as palladium chloride.
- Many synthetic organic compounds, such as plastic polymers, as well as a few natural organic compounds, contain halogen atoms; these are known as halogenated compounds, or organic halides.
- Polyhalogenated compounds are industrially created compounds substituted with multiple halogens.
- Polyhalogenated compounds include the much publicized PCBs, PBDEs, and PFCs, as well as numerous other compounds.
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- Although halogens and their compounds can be toxic, some are essential for the human body's functioning and are used in everyday products.
- Polyhalogenated compounds (PHCs) are of particular interest and importance because halogens are generally highly reactive and bioaccumulate in humans.
- Halogens are also part of a superset that includes many toxic and carcinogenic industrial chemicals -- PBDEs, PCBs, dioxins (PCDDs), and PFCs are all polyhalogenated compounds.
- DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) is a polyhalogenated pesticide that was banned in the United States in 1972 because of the potential harmful effects on human health.
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- It is the "aromatic" unsaturated compounds, furan, thiophene and pyrrole that require our attention.
- Whereas simple cycloalkenes generally give addition reactions, aromatic compounds tend to react by substitution.
- All these aromatic heterocycles react vigorously with chlorine and bromine, often forming polyhalogenated products together with polymers.
- Such functions are known to undergo acid-catalyzed hydrolysis to carbonyl compounds and alcohols or amines.
- As noted in the upper example, furans may indeed be hydrolyzed to 1,4-dicarbonyl compounds, but pyrroles and thiophenes behave differently.
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- The increasingly large number of organic compounds identified with each passing day, together with the fact that many of these compounds are isomers of other compounds, requires that a systematic nomenclature system be developed.
- Just as each distinct compound has a unique molecular structure which can be designated by a structural formula, each compound must be given a characteristic and unique name.
- As organic chemistry grew and developed, many compounds were given trivial names, which are now commonly used and recognized.
- Second, it should identify and locate any functional groups present in the compound.
- A suffix or other element(s) designating functional groups that may be present in the compound.
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- Molecular compounds are named using a systematic approach of prefixes to indicate the number of each element present in the compound.
- Molecular compounds are made when two or more elements share electrons in a covalent bond to connect the elements.
- Typically, non-metals tend to share electrons, make covalent bonds, and thus, form molecular compounds.
- Remove the ending of the second element, and add "ide" just like in ionic compounds.
- This video explains how to use a chemical name to write the formula for that compound.
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- Aromatic compounds are ring structures with delocalized $\pi$ electron density that imparts unusual stability.
- Aromatic compounds are generally nonpolar and immiscible with water.
- As they are often unreactive, they are useful as solvents for other nonpolar compounds.
- Due to their high ratio of carbon to hydrogen, aromatic compounds are characterized by a sooty yellow flame.
- Aromatic compounds are produced from a variety of sources, including petroleum and coal tar.
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- The percent composition (by mass) of a compound can be calculated by dividing the mass of each element by the total mass of the compound.
- Another convenient way to describe atomic composition is to examine the percent composition of a compound by mass.
- Percent composition is calculated from a molecular formula by dividing the mass of a single element in one mole of a compound by the mass of one mole of the entire compound.
- This video shows how to calculate the percent composition of a compound.
- Translate between a molecular formula of a compound and its percent composition by mass
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- Compounds are defined as substances containing two or more different chemical elements.
- Some examples of compounds with ionic bonding include NaCl, KI, MgCl2.
- At room temperature and normal atmospheric pressure, covalent compounds may exist as a solid, a liquid, or a gas, whereas ionic compounds exist only as solids.
- Although solid ionic compounds do not conduct electricity because there are no free mobile ions or electrons, ionic compounds dissolved in water make an electrically conductive solution.
- Ionic compounds exist in stable crystalline structures.
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- The complete formula for an ionic compound can be determined by satisfying two conditions:
- Two chloride ions were needed in the final compound because calcium had a 2+ charge.
- Hydroxide is a compound made of oxygen and hydrogen that have been bound together.
- Cation and Anion Formation - Ionic Compounds Part 2 - YouTube
- Generate the empirical formula of an ionic compound given its molecular constituents.
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- In organic chemistry, a functional group is a specific group of atoms or bonds within a compound that is responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of that compound.
- Functional groups also play an important part in organic compound nomenclature; combining the names of the functional groups with the names of the parent alkanes provides a way to distinguish compounds.
- Often, compounds are functionalized with specific groups for a specific chemical reaction.
- Functionalization refers to the addition of functional groups to a compound by chemical synthesis.
- Through routine synthesis methods, any kind of organic compound can be attached to the surface.