Examples of acute respiratory distress syndrome in the following topics:
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- Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a serious reaction to various forms of injuries or acute infection to the lung.
- Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), also known as respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) or adult respiratory distress syndrome, is a serious reaction to various forms of injuries or acute infection to the lung.
- ARDS is a severe lung syndrome (not a disease) caused by a variety of direct and indirect issues.
- ARDS can occur within 24 to 48 hours of an injury (trauma, burns, aspiration, massive blood transfusion, drug/alcohol abuse) or an acute illness (infectious pneumonia, sepsis, acute pancreatitis).
- Mechanical ventilation is an essential part of the treatment of ARDS to relieve respiratory muscles of their work, and to protect the usually obtunded patient's airways.
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- General anesthetic agents, opioids, and neuromuscular-blocking drugs may diminish or even abolish the respiratory drive.
- Examples of such conditions include cervical spine injury, multiple rib fractures, severe pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), or near-drowning.
- In patients with elevated arterial carbon dioxide, an arterial partial pressure of CO2 (PaCO2) greater than 45 mm Hg in the setting of acidemia would prompt intubation, especially if a series of measurements demonstrate a worsening respiratory acidosis.
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- Lung volumes and capacities refer to phases of the respiratory cycle; lung volumes are directly measured while capacities are inferred.
- An FEV1/FVC ratio of >80% indicates a restrictive lung disease like pulmonary fibrosis or infant respiratory distress syndrome.
- Capacity of the lungs generally refers to the total amount of volume of air inside the lungs at certain phases of the respiratory cycle.
- The obstruction becomes worse the lower the ratio becomes, which increases the likelihood of respiratory failure and death .
- Those with asthma, an acute form obstructive lung disease, will show a low FEV1/FVC ratio during an asthma attack, which returns to normal after the attack is over.
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- The respiratory system lies dormant in the human fetus during pregnancy.
- Specialized cells of the respiratory epithelium appear, including type II alveolar cells that secrete pulmonary surfactant.
- At birth, the respiratory system becomes fully functional upon exposure to air, although some development and growth continues throughout childhood.
- This causes a lack of surfactant, leading to increased surface tension within the alveoli, subsequent alveoli collapse, and absence of gas exchange, a condition known as respiratory distress syndrome.
- Evaluate the ability of a fetus to survive birth based on the development of the respiratory system
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- This failure in ventilation may be caused by depression of the central respiratory center by cerebral disease or drugs, inability to ventilate adequately due to neuromuscular disease (e.g., myasthenia gravis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Guillain-Barré syndrome, muscular dystrophy), or airway obstruction related to asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbation.
- There are two types of respiratory alkalosis: chronic and acute.
- Acute respiratory alkalosis occurs rapidly.
- During acute respiratory alkalosis, the person may lose consciousness where the rate of ventilation will resume to normal.
- A Davenport diagram illustrating the transition from respiratory acidosis to respiratory alkalosis.
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- This failure in ventilation may be caused by depression of the central respiratory center by cerebral disease or drugs, an inability to ventilate adequately due to neuromuscular disease (e.g., myasthenia gravis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Guillain-Barré syndrome, muscular dystrophy), or airway obstructions related to asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbation.
- There are two types of respiratory alkalosis: chronic and acute.
- Acute respiratory alkalosis occurs rapidly.
- During acute respiratory alkalosis, the person may lose consciousness whereupon the rate of ventilation will resume to normal.
- Differentiate among the acid-base disorders: metabolic acidosis, metabolic alkalosis, respiratory acidosis, and respiratory alkalosis
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- The number of breaths per minute is the respiratory rate; under non-exertion conditions, the human respiratory rate averages around 12–15 breaths/minute.
- There are two ways to keep the alveolar ventilation constant: increase the respiratory rate while decreasing the tidal volume of air per breath (shallow breathing), or decrease the respiratory rate while increasing the tidal volume per breath.
- Both tidal volume and respiratory rate are closely regulated when oxygen demand increases.
- Sometimes, in babies that are born prematurely, there is lack of surfactant production; as a result, they suffer from respiratory distress syndrome and require more effort to inflate the lungs.
- Examples of restrictive diseases are respiratory distress syndrome and pulmonary fibrosis.
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- Such time frames have been decreased to weeks or months by the use of powerful molecular techniques, as seen with the identification of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) within weeks of the first cases reported, the discovery of a new hantavirus in North America in 1993, and the detection of bacteria as etiological pathogens of human infections such as Ehrlichia chaffeensis and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis and human granulocytotropic anaplasmosis, respectively.
- For example, Lyme disease, hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS), and Lassa fever all emerged when humans began encountering the insect vector (for Lyme disease) or rodent host (for HPS and Lassa fever) of the causative agents in greater numbers than ever before.
- Factors related to the emergence of infectious diseases such as Legionnaire disease and hemolytic uremic syndrome include changing technologies: air conditioning systems and mass food production, respectively.
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- Common viruses that cause pneumonia include influenza viruses A and B, respiratory syncytial viruses (RSV), and human parainfluenza viruses (hPIV), the last of which particularly affects children.
- Rarer viruses that commonly cause pneumonia include adenoviruses (in military recruits), metapneumoviruses, and severe acute respiratory syndrome virus (SARS coronavirus).
- In children with pneumonia, the most commonly identified agents are respiratory syncytial virus, rhinovirus, human metapneumovirus, human bocavirus, and parainfluenza viruses.
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- Among these are the sudden emergence of the coronavirus that causes severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), the continued transmission of an avian influenza virus to humans ("bird flu"), and the isolation of poliovirus vaccine-wild type recombinants that have hampered poliovirus eradication efforts.