Examples of antimicrobrial drugs in the following topics:
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- While the drug acts as an allergen, the drug itself is not causing direct damage to the individual, but rather it is the response of an individual's immune system which is deleterious.
- Once the body recognizes a substance as foreign (in this case an antimicrobial drug), it starts producing antibodies, specifically immunoglobulin E (IgE) against the drug.
- The exposure to a drug may not elicit an allergic reaction during the first exposure, but after the first exposure, the body creates antibodies and memory lymphocyte cells against the drug, therefore later exposures to the drug will illicit an immune response.
- There are many factors that can determine if an individual is sensitive to an antimicrobial drug, as with other allergens.
- Explain the physiology of an immune response responsible for an allergic reaction to drugs
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- Disease-causing fungi are targeted and then drug classes are classified based on drug structure or mechanism.
- Azole drugs are broad-spectrum drugs and treat fungal infections of the skin or mouth.
- An example of an echinocandin based drug is Caspofungin.
- The major classes of antifungal drugs are discussed above are not the only drugs capable of effectively targeting fungi.
- The discovery process for effective and fungi-specific drugs is enduring and laborious, as the drugs must be specific for fungi cells.
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- Transdermal drug delivery can be acheived by a medicated adhesive patch to deliver a dose of drug through the skin and into the bloodstream.
- Single-layer, drug-in-adhesive: The adhesive layer of this system also contains the drug.
- Multi-layer, drug-in-adhesive: The multi-layer, drug-in adhesive patch is similar to the single-layer system in that both adhesive layers are also responsible for releasing the drug.
- Matrix: The matrix system has a drug layer of a semisolid matrix containing a drug solution or suspension.
- Food and Drug Administration in December 1979.
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- Are students more likely to use marijuana when their parents used drugs?
- If at least one parent used drugs, what is the chance their child (student) uses?
- A student is randomly selected from the study and she does not use drugs.
- Of these 226 students, 85 had at least one parent who used drugs:
- A Venn diagram using boxes for the drug use data set.
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- Another way of treating viral infections is the use of antiviral drugs.
- For influenza, drugs like Tamiflu (oseltamivir) can reduce the duration of "flu" symptoms by one or two days, but the drug does not prevent symptoms entirely .
- Anti-HIV drugs have been able to control viral replication to the point that individuals receiving these drugs survive for a significantly longer time than the untreated.
- When any of these drugs are used individually, the high mutation rate of the virus allows it to easily and rapidly develop resistance to the drug, limiting the drug's effectiveness.
- The breakthrough in the treatment of HIV was the development of HAART, highly-active anti-retroviral therapy, which involves a mixture of different drugs, sometimes called a drug "cocktail."
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- Antimicrobial drugs can interact with other drugs in deleterious ways or can be used in combination to combat microbial infections.
- Pharmacodynamics is the field that attempts to understand the unintended effects of the use of two or more drugs.
- It also looks at the mechanisms of drug action and the relationship between drug concentration and effect.
- Two well described interactions between antimicrobial drugs and other drugs are between antibiotics and alcohol and antibiotics and the birth control pill.
- This is due to the phenomenon of resistance, whereby a micro-organism gains the ability to resist an antimicrobial drug, while initially the drug effectively slowed the growth of or even killed the target micro-organism.
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- Other types of antiprotozan drugs specifically target metabolic mechanisms utilized by the parasite.
- The drug Eflornithine attacks this parasite by targeting an enzyme responsible for regulating cell division.
- The drugs utilized to target helminths are characterized based on chemical structure and mechanism of action.
- The development of antimalarial drugs focuses on the life cycle in both the mosquito and human hosts.
- Describe the objective of drugs against helminths anf the disadvantages to developing drugs against protozoa
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- Antimicrobial resistance has created a public health crisis in the treatment of infectious diseases and necessitates the discovery of new drugs.
- Antibiotics, more than any other medicines, have improved the life expectancy of mankind, however, multi-drug resistance has become common in pathogenic bacteria and multiple drugs are losing efficacy.
- Recent reports on the occurrence of panresistant gram-negative strains, i.e. strains resistant to every registered antibacterial drug, indicate that we are on the verge to lose the battle, taking us back to the pre-antibiotic era .
- There is world-wide consensus that the medical need for novel antiinfective drugs is enormous and that we are running out of time.
- most bacterial species listed in this figure have developed resistance to available antibiotics necessitating new drug discovery.
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- In Maryland, drug testing laws make it possible to screen for drugs using a hair specimen for pre-employment purposes only.
- There are two kinds of employment drug testing: pre-employment drug screening and publish-employment drug testing.
- Pre-employment drug testing can help in generating a sense of fear in people looking for work, as the odds are, if they use drugs, their application will be rejected due to them screening positive.
- Nevertheless, the practice of drug testing in a company protects everyone.
- A strand of hair is all it takes to tell the story of illicit drug use.