Chronic granulomatous disease

Examples of Chronic granulomatous disease in the following topics:

• Predisposing Factors

  • The spread and severity of infectious disease is influenced by many predisposing factors.
  • This predisposes patients to chronic infections with bacteria which form biofilms in the lungs.
  • Another example is chronic granulomatous disease which directly affects the ability of the host immune system to fight invaders.
  • Overall health is a very important factor in preventing disease.
  • In general, deliberately-induced immunosuppression is performed to prevent the body from rejecting an organ transplant, treating graft-versus-host disease after a bone marrow transplant, or for the treatment of autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and Crohn's disease.

• Immunodeficiencies

  • Immunodeficiency is a state where the immune system's ability to fight infectious disease is impaired or absent.
  • Granulocyte deficiencies also include decreased function of individual granulocytes, such as in chronic granulomatous disease.
  • A number of rare diseases feature a heightened susceptibility to infections from childhood onward.
  • Many specific diseases directly or indirectly cause immunosuppression.
  • This includes many types of cancer, particularly those of the bone marrow and blood cells (those with leukemia, lymphoma, multiple myeloma, etc.), and certain chronic infections.

• Leprosy

  • Leprosy, also known as Hansen's disease, is a chronic bacterial disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium lepromatosis.
  • Leprosy, also known as Hansen's disease (HD), is a chronic disease caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium lepromatosis.
  • Named after physician Gerhard Armauer Hansen, leprosy is primarily a granulomatous disease of the peripheral nerves and mucosa of the upper respiratory tract.

• Blastomycosis

  • A chronic illness that mimics tuberculosis or lung cancer, with symptoms of low-grade fever, a productive cough, night sweats, and weight loss
  • A fast, progressive, and severe disease that manifests as ARDS, with fever, shortness of breath, tachypnea, hypoxemia, and diffuse pulmonary infiltrates
  • Tissue biopsy of skin or other organs may be required in order to diagnose extra-pulmonary disease.
  • Blastomycosis is histologically associated with granulomatous nodules.
  • Itraconazole given orally is the treatment of choice for most forms of the disease.

• Myocarditis and Endocarditis

  • In the subacute form of infective endocarditis, the vegetation may also include a center of granulomatous tissue, which may fibrose or calcify.
  • Myocarditis is most often due to infection by common viruses, such as parvovirus B19, less commonly nonviral pathogens such as Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease) or Trypanosoma cruzi, or as a hypersensitivity response to drugs.
  • It can cause a mild disease without any symptoms that resolves itself, or it may cause chest pain, heart failure, or sudden death.
  • Symptoms in infants and toddlers tend to be more nonspecific, with generalized malaise, poor appetite, abdominal pain, and/or chronic cough.
  • Worldwide, however, the most common cause is Chagas' disease, an illness endemic to Central and South America that is due to infection by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi.

• Other Infectious Eye Diseases

  • The following classification of herpes simplex keratitis is important for understanding this disease:
  • Stromal disease is an immune response.
  • A single-celled parasite called Toxoplasma gondii causes a disease known as toxoplasmosis.
  • Ophthalmologists sometimes prescribe medicine to treat active disease.
  • Whether or not medication is recommended depends on the size of the eye lesion, the location, and the characteristics of the lesion (acute active, versus chronic not progressing).

• Disease Severity and Duration

  • A chronic disease is one that lasts for a long time, usually at least six months.
  • A chronic disease may be stable (does not get any worse) or it may be progressive (gets worse over time).
  • Some chronic diseases can be permanently cured.
  • Most chronic diseases can be beneficially treated, even if they cannot be permanently cured.
  • Slowly progressive diseases are also chronic diseases; many are also degenerative diseases.

• Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

  • Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the occurrence of chronic bronchitis or emphysema.
  • Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), also known as chronic obstructive lung disease (COLD), chronic obstructive airway disease (COAD), chronic airflow limitation (CAL) and chronic obstructive respiratory disease (CORD), is the occurrence of chronic bronchitis or emphysema, a pair of commonly co-existing diseases of the lungs in which the airways become narrowed.
  • The diagnosis of COPD should be considered in anyone who has dyspnea, chronic cough or sputum production, and/or a history of exposure to risk factors for the disease, such as regular tobacco smoking.
  • It can be useful to help exclude other lung diseases, such as pneumonia, pulmonary edema or a pneumothorax.
  • However, COPD is both a preventable and treatable disease.

• Ankylosing Spondylitis

  • Ankylosing spondylitis is a chronic inflammatory, autoimmune disease that results in joint fusion in the vertebrae and the sacroiliac joint.
  • Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the axial skeleton with variable involvement of peripheral joints and nonarticular structures.
  • AS is a form of spondyloarthritis, a chronic, inflammatory arthritis and autoimmune disease.
  • However, only 5% of individuals with the HLA-B27 genotype contract the disease
  • Symptoms of the disease first appear, on average, at age 23 years.

• Renal Disease and Failure

  • The two main forms are acute kidney injury, which is often reversible with adequate treatment, and chronic kidney disease, which is often not reversible.
  • Other factors that may help differentiate acute kidney injury from chronic kidney disease include anemia and the kidney size on ultrasound.
  • Chronic kidney disease generally leads to anemia and small kidney size.
  • Chronic kidney disease (CKD) can also develop slowly and, initially, show few symptoms.
  • Acute kidney injuries can be present on top of chronic kidney disease, a condition called acute-on-chronic renal failure (AoCRF).