corona discharge

Examples of corona discharge in the following topics:

• Van de Graff Generators

  • Eventually, discharge occurs, and the belt changes polarity.
  • As the belt continues, a charging current travels via the belt, and the sphere takes on more and more negative charge until the rates at which it gains and loses charge (which occurs by leakage and corona discharge) are equal.
  • Numbers in the diagram indicate: 1) hollow metal sphere; 2) upper electrode; 3) upper roller (for example an acrylic glass); 4) side of the belt with positive charges; 5) opposite side of the belt with negative charges; 6) lower roller (metal); 7) lower electrode (ground); 8) spherical device with negative charges, used to discharge the main sphere; 9) spark produced by the difference of potentials

• Photocopy Machines and Printers

  • In the first step of xerography, a high-voltage device (either a corona wire or charge roller) charges a cylindrical drum.
  • This occurs by corona discharge, with output limited by a control grid or screen: a negative charge on the wire ionizes the space between the wire and conductor, so electrons are repelled and pushed onto the conductor.
  • The areas of the drum exposed to light then discharge to the ground; the other parts of the drum (which are not conductive, having not been exposed to light) remain negatively charged.

• Phylum Rotifera

  • Rotifers are microscopic organisms named for a rotating structure (called the corona) at their anterior end that is covered with cilia.
  • The rotifer body form consists of a head (which contains the corona), a trunk (which contains the organs), and the foot.
  • The head contains sensory organs in the form of a bi-lobed brain and small eyespots near the corona.
  • Rotifers obtain food that is directed toward the mouth by the current created from the movement of the corona.
  • They eat by filtering food into the mouth by creating currents with the corona.

• Theodore Roosevelt and Race

  • As a result of an Army Inspector General's investigation, Roosevelt ordered the dishonorable discharge of 167 soldiers, costing them their pensions and barring them from other civil-service jobs.
  • The administration withheld news of the discharge of the soldiers until after the 1906 Congressional elections so the pro-Republican black vote would not be affected.
  • A minority report by four Republicans concluded that the evidence was too inconclusive to support the discharges.
  • A renewed investigation in the early 1970s exonerated the discharged black troops.
  • The government pardoned them and restored their records to show honorable discharges but did not provide retroactive compensation for the time they could have been working.

• The 25th Amendment

  • Whenever the President transmits to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives his written declaration that he is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, and until he transmits to them a written declaration to the contrary, such powers and duties shall be discharged by the Vice President as Acting President.
  • Whenever the Vice President and a majority of either the principal officers of the executive departments or of such other body as Congress may by law provide, transmit to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives their written declaration that the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, the Vice President shall immediately assume the powers and duties of the office as Acting President.
  • Thereafter, when the President transmits to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives his written declaration that no inability exists, he shall resume the powers and duties of his office unless the Vice President and a majority of either the principal officers of the executive department or of such other body as Congress may by law provide, transmit within four days to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives their written declaration that the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office.
  • If the Congress, within twenty-one days after receipt of the latter written declaration, or, if Congress is not in session, within twenty-one days after Congress is required to assemble, determines by two-thirds vote of both Houses that the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, the Vice President shall continue to discharge the same as Acting President; otherwise, the President shall resume the powers and duties of his office.

• Nongonococcal Urethritis (NGU)

  • The general symptoms are pain on urination, frequent need to urinate and white or cloudy discharge.
  • The most common symptoms unique to men are discharge from the penis, itching, and tenderness.
  • In women, the symptoms include vaginal discharge, abdominal pain.
  • In men, it can be diagnosed with Gram staining of urethral discharge; the same is not true for women, since they may have other Gram negative bacteria that are part of their normal vaginal microflora.

• Gonorrhea

  • The usual symptoms in men are burning with urination and penile discharge.
  • Women, on the other hand, are asymptomatic half the time or have vaginal discharge and pelvic pain.
  • Half of women with gonorrhea are asymptomatic while others have vaginal discharge, lower abdominal pain or pain with intercourse.
  • The most common male symptoms are urethritis associated with burning with urination and discharge from the penis.

• US commercial centers, trade intermediaries, and alliances

  • They are doing so by forming alliances with global breweries such as Molson, Corona, and Dos Equis.

• The Lithium-Ion Battery

  • Lithium-ion batteries (Li-ion batteries, or LIBs) are a family of rechargeable batteries in which lithium ions move from the negative electrode to the positive electrode during discharge.
  • When a lithium-based cell is discharging, the positive lithium ion is extracted from the cathode and inserted into the anode, releasing stored energy in the process.
  • The transition metal, cobalt (Co), oxidizes from Co3+ to Co4+ during charging and reduces from Co4+ to Co3+ during discharge.
  • Discuss the chemical transformations that occur in a lithium-ion battery during charge and discharge

• Resistors and Capacitors in Series

  • We define the time constant τ for an RC circuit as $\tau = RC$. τ shows how quickly the circuit charges or discharges.
  • Discharging a capacitor through a resistor proceeds in a similar fashion, as illustrates.
  • As the voltage decreases, the current and hence the rate of discharge decreases, implying another exponential formula for V.
  • Using calculus, the voltage V on a capacitor C being discharged through a resistor R is found to be