de facto

Examples of de facto in the following topics:

• Savage Inequalities

  • Kozol concludes that these disparities in school quality perpetuate inequality and constitute de facto segregation.
  • Although segregation is officially illegal, unequal school funding can create de facto segregation.

• Oligarchy

  • The Soviet Union was a de jure oligarchy: only members of the Communist Party were allowed to vote or hold office.
  • Today, Russia may be considered a de facto oligarchy: Since the collapse of the Soviet Union on 31 December 1991, privately owned Russia-based multinational corporations, including producers of petroleum, natural gas, and metal have become oligarchs.
  • States may be oligarchies de jure or de facto.
  • In de jure oligarchies, an elite group is given power by the law.
  • In de facto oligarchies, those with more resources are able to gain political power, despite laws that ostensibly treat all citizens equally.

• Choosing a Version Control System

  • Git is by now the de facto standard in the open source world, as is hosting one's repositories at GitHub.

• The Hohenzollerns

  • The various territories of the empire acted more or less as de facto sovereign states and only acknowledged the emperor's overlordship over them in a formal way.
  • For this reason, Brandenburg soon came to be treated as de facto part of the Prussian kingdom rather than a separate entity.
  • The feudal designation of the Margraviate of Brandenburg ended with the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, which made the Hohenzollerns de jure as well as de facto sovereigns over it.

• Fall of the Flavian Emperors

  • The Principate allowed the existence of a de facto dictatorial regime, while maintaining the formal framework of the Roman Republic.
  • Most Emperors upheld the public facade of democracy, and in return the Senate implicitly acknowledged the Emperor's status as a de facto monarch.
  • Domitian and, over a century later, Publius Septimius Geta were the only emperors known to have officially received a damnatio memoriae, though others may have received de facto ones.

• Cardinal Mazarin and the Fronde

  • Cardinal Mazarin, for years de facto the ruler of France, continued earlier anti-Habsburg policies, was critical to establishing the Westphalian order of sovereign states, and laid the foundation for Louis XIV's absolutism.
  • Austria, ruled by the Habsburg Emperor Ferdinand III, ceded all Habsburg lands and claims in Alsace to France and acknowledged her de facto sovereignty over the Three Bishoprics of Metz, Verdun, and Toul.
  • In January 1650, an armed rebellion (onset of what would know known known as the Second Fronde or the Fronde des nobles) followed the arrests of several nobles by Mazarin.
  • After this campaign the civil war ceased but in the several other campaigns of the Franco-Spanish War that followed, two great soldiers leading the Fronde were opposed to one another, Henri, Viscount of Turenne, as the defender of France and Louis II, Prince de Condé as a Spanish invader.
  • Following the end of the Thirty Years’ War, Mazarin, as the de facto ruler of France, played a crucial role establishing the Westphalian principles that would guide European states’ foreign policy and the prevailing world order.

• Separate But Equal

  • There was not legally sanctioned racial segregation in northern states, as there was in southern states, but black residents and other people of color often faced a de facto segregation that limited their ability to, for example, live in certain neighborhoods or hold certain jobs.

• Informal Methods of Amending the Constitution: Societal Change and Judicial Review

  • Informal amendments mean that the Constitution does not specifically list these processes as forms of amending the Constitution, but because of change in society or judicial review changed the rule of law de facto.

• Introduction to Benevolent Dictators

  • Others involve less formal structure, but more conscious self-restraint, to produce an atmosphere of fairness that people can rely on as a de facto form of governance.

• Brown v. Board of Education and School Integration

  • Handed down on May 17, 1954, the Court's unanimous (9–0) decision stated that "separate educational facilities are inherently unequal. " As a result, de jure racial segregation was ruled a violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the U.S.
  • Summarize the phenomena of de jure and de facto segregation in the United States during the mid-1900s and the significance of the Brown v.