desegregation

Examples of desegregation in the following topics:

• Coleman's Study of Between-School Effects in American Education

  • In 1966, the Coleman Report launched a debate about "school effects," desegregation and busing, and cultural bias in standardized tests.
  • Sociologist James Coleman found in later research in 1975 that desegregation busing programs had led to white flight from the higher-class mixed race school districts.
  • It also helped define debates over desegregation, busing, and cultural bias in standardized tests.
  • This latter finding was a catalyst for the implementation of desegregated busing systems, which bused black students from racially segregated neighborhoods to integrated schools.
  • Following up on this conclusion, Coleman found in later research in 1975, that desegregated busing programs had led to white flight from the higher-class, mixed-race school districts.

• Desegregation in Little Rock

  • The decision declared all laws establishing segregated schools to be unconstitutional, and it called for the desegregation of all schools throughout the nation.
  • Identify the importance of the Little Rock Nine in the process of school desegregation.

• Women of the Civil Rights Movement

  • In this role, Bates became deeply involved in the issue of desegregation in education.
  • Bates and her husband published a local black newspaper, the Arkansas State Press, which publicized violations of the Supreme Court's desegregation rulings.
  • The troops maintained order, and desegregation proceeded.
  • In the 1958-59 school year, however, public schools in Little Rock were closed in another attempt to roll back desegregation.
  • Eisenhower to desegregate schools and President Lyndon B.

• The Brown Decision

  • In 1955, the Supreme Court considered arguments by the schools requesting relief concerning the task of desegregation.
  • In their decision, which became known as "Brown II," the court delegated the task of carrying out school desegregation to District Courts with orders that desegregation occur "with all deliberate speed."
  • Critics had charged Eisenhower was lukewarm, at best, on the goal of desegregation of public schools.
  • Bridges was the first black child to desegregate the all-white William Frantz Elementary School in Louisiana and was escorted both to and from the school while segregationist protests continued.
  • In 1960, the New Orleans school desegregation crisis ensued.

• Civil Rights Under Nixon

  • These southern voters had been alienated from the Democratic party by Kennedy and Johnson's civil rights legislation; to capitalize on this, Nixon tried to get the issue of desegregation out of the way with as little damage as possible.
  • The task force's plan made federal aid and official meetings with President Nixon available as rewards for school committees who complied with desegregation plans.
  • In addition to desegregating public schools, Nixon implemented the Philadelphia Plan in 1970—the first significant federal affirmative action program.

• Federal Intervention

  • I happen to believe that the 1954 [Supreme Court school desegregation] decision was right.
  • Kennedy proposed a bill that would give the federal government greater power to enforce school desegregation, prohibit segregation in public accommodations, and outlaw discrimination in employment.
  • In 1963, activists made plans to desegregate downtown Birmingham merchants.
  • On May 10, the parties announced an agreement to desegregate the lunch counters and other public accommodations downtown; to create a committee to eliminate discriminatory hiring practices; to arrange for the release of jailed protesters; and to establish regular means of communication between black and white leaders.
  • Alabama governor George Wallace stands against desegregation at the University of Alabama and is confronted by U.S.

• Sit-Ins and Freedom Rides

  • According to the agreement, gradual desegregation of the lunch counters would be implemented.
  • Nashville thus became the first major city in the South to begin desegregating its public facilities.
  • Within a year, more than 100 cities had desegregated at least some public accommodations in response to student-led demonstrations.
  • The sit-ins inspired other forms of nonviolent protest intended to desegregate public spaces.
  • The remaining activists continued to Mississippi, where they were arrested when they attempted to desegregate the waiting rooms in the Jackson bus terminal.

• Civil Rights

  • Tales of the abuse, violence, and persecution suffered by many African American veterans upon their return from World War II infuriated Truman, and were a major factor in his decision to issue Executive Order 9981, in July 1948, desegregating and requiring equal opportunity in the Armed Forces.
  • Protection from lynching and desegregation in the work force was a triumph of conscience for Truman, as he recalled in his farewell address:
  • Invigorated by the victory of Brown and frustrated by the lack of immediate practical effect, private citizens increasingly rejected gradualist, legalistic approaches as the primary tool to bring about desegregation.

• Court Decisions and Civil Rights

  • Zimmerman, a case appealed to the Maryland Court of Appeals, Marshall failed in an effort to desegregate a high school in Baltimore County, which had no public high schools for black teenagers.
  • Board of Education mandated desegregation across the whole of the United States.

• Modern Republicanism

  • He sent federal troops to Little Rock, Arkansas for the first time since the Reconstruction to enforce federal court orders to desegregate public schools.
  • He implemented desegregation of the armed forces in two years and made five appointments to the Supreme Court.