Examples of emerging infectious disease in the following topics:
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- An emerging infectious disease is a disease with a rate of incidence that has increased in the past 20 years, and could increase in the near future.
- An emerging infectious disease (EID) is an infectious disease whose incidence has increased in the past 20 years, and could increase in the near future.
- Emerging infections account for at least 12% of all human pathogens.
- Of growing concern are adverse synergistic interactions between emerging diseases and other infectious and non-infectious conditions leading to the development of novel syndemics.
- Influenza, commonly known as the flu, is an infectious disease of birds and mammals caused by RNA viruses of the family Orthomyxoviridae, the influenza viruses.
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- Technology aids in the identification of new infectious agents, but it also contributes to the emergence of new diseases.
- The effects of new technology on the environment are related to the emergence of many infectious diseases.
- For example, Lyme disease, hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS), and Lassa fever all emerged when humans began encountering the insect vector (for Lyme disease) or rodent host (for HPS and Lassa fever) of the causative agents in greater numbers than ever before.
- Factors related to the emergence of infectious diseases such as Legionnaire disease and hemolytic uremic syndrome include changing technologies: air conditioning systems and mass food production, respectively.
- Several human activities have led to the emergence and spread of new diseases:
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- For infectious diseases, it helps to determine if a disease outbreak is sporadic (occasional occurrence), endemic (regular cases often occurring in a region), epidemic (an unusually high number of cases in a region), or pandemic (a global epidemic).
- Diseases can emerge when existing parasites become pathogenic or when new pathogenic parasites enter a new host.
- In addition, human activity is involved with many emerging infectious diseases, such as environmental change enabling a parasite to occupy new niches.
- Diseases transferred from nonhuman to human hosts are known as zoonoses.
- Several human activities have led to the emergence and spread of new diseases, such as encroachment on wildlife habitats, changes in agriculture, the destruction of rain forests, uncontrolled urbanization, modern transport.
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- There are records about infectious diseases as far back as 3000 B.C.E.
- Approximately 75 percent of recently-emerging infectious diseases affecting humans are zoonotic diseases.
- The war against infectious diseases has no foreseeable end.
- The map shows regions where bacterial diseases are emerging or reemerging.
- Give examples of historical, new, and re-emerging bacterial diseases in humans
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- The role of public health is to improve the quality of society by protecting people from disease.
- The dramatic increase in the average life span during the 20th century is widely credited to public health achievements, such as vaccination programs and control of many infectious diseases including polio, diphtheria, yellow fever, and smallpox; effective health and safety policies such as road traffic safety and occupational safety; improved family planning; tobacco control measures; and programs designed to decrease non-communicable diseases by acting on known risk factors such as a person's background, lifestyle and environment.
- These improvements included chlorination of drinking water, filtration, and sewage treatment, which led to the decline in deaths caused by infectious waterborne diseases such as cholera and intestinal diseases.
- Additionally, with the onset of the epidemiological transition and as the prevalence of infectious diseases decreased through the 20th century, the focus of public health has recently turned to chronic diseases such as cancer and heart disease.
- In Canada, the Public Health Agency of Canada is the national agency responsible for public health, emergency preparedness and response, and infectious and chronic disease control and prevention.
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- World (or global) health as a research field emerged out of this necessity and lies at the intersection of the medical and social science disciplines, including the fields of demography (the study of population trends), economics, epidemiology (the study of the distribution of health events in a population), political economy, and sociology.
- Examples of diseases of affluence include Type II diabetes, asthma, coronary heart disease, obesity, hypertension, cancer, and alcoholism.
- In 2008, nearly 80% of deaths due to non-communicable diseases, including heart disease, strokes, chronic lung diseases, cancers, and diabetes, occurred in low- and middle-income countries.
- In contrast, the diseases of poverty tend to consist largely of infectious diseases, often related to poor sanitation, low vaccination coverage, inadequate public health services, and weak enforcement of environmental health and safety regulations.
- Among children under the age of 5 in the developing world, malnutrition, which results from either a lack of food or an inadequately diversified diet, contributes to 53% of deaths associated with infectious diseases.
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- These pathogens are the cause of disease epidemics, in the sense that without the pathogen, no infectious epidemic occurs.
- However, some infectious diseases remain a problem today.
- Normally not a problem to North Americans, malaria is the infectious disease most deadly to children worldwide.
- Normally not a problem to North Americans, malaria is the infectious disease most deadly to children worldwide.
- Assess the implications of infectious diseases in terms of health care and life expectancy of individuals
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- Diagnosis of infectious disease sometimes involves identifying an infectious agent either directly or indirectly.
- Diagnosis of infectious disease sometimes involves identifying an infectious agent either directly or indirectly.
- In practice most minor infectious diseases such as warts, cutaneous abscesses, respiratory system infections and diarrheal diseases are diagnosed by their clinical presentation.
- Microbiological culture is a principal tool used to diagnose infectious disease.
- Second, an infectious agent must grow within the human body to cause disease; essentially it must amplify its own nucleic acids in order to cause a disease.
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- Vaccination is a proven way to prevent and even eradicate widespread outbreaks of life-threatening infectious diseases.
- Active immunity to diseases can be acquired by natural exposure (in response to actually contracting an infectious disease) or it may be acquired intentionally, via the administration of an antigen, commonly known as vaccination .
- Even today, the risk of contracting some of these infectious diseases, like measles and chicken pox, can have devastating, long-term complications, like blindness.
- Certain infectious diseases, such as Smallpox, have been completely eradicated.
- By these vaccinated children not contracting these diseases, their parents, grandparents, friends and relatives (not vaccinated against these diseases themselves) will also be protected.
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- The process of identifying infectious diseases is complex and requires identification of the agent through direct or indirect means.
- The first tool in diagnosing microbial disease is microbial cultures.
- It is critical to isolate the infectious agent in a pure culture containing only the infectious bacteria.
- An additional tool utilized for microbial disease diagnosis is microscopy.
- Biochemical tests are also used to help in microbial disease diagnosis.