Examples of FISH in the following topics:
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- Gnathostomes, jawed vertebrates, can be divided into two types of fish: Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish) or Osteichthyes (bony fish).
- In early evolutionary history, there were gnathostomes (jawed fishes) and agnathans (jawless fishes).
- All bony fish use gills for gas exchange.
- Many bony fish also have a swim bladder, a gas-filled organ that helps to control the buoyancy of the fish.
- Bony fish are further divided into two extant clades: Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish) and Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fish) .
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- FISH can be used to detect RNA or DNA sequences of interest.
- Central to FISH are the use of probes.
- FISH is often used in clinical studies.
- Bacterial FISH probes are often primers for the 16s rRNA region.
- FISH is widely used in the field of microbial ecology, to identify microorganisms.
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- A classic example of a common good are fish stocks in international waters; no one is excluded from fishing, but as people withdraw fish without limits being imposed, the stocks for later fishermen are potentially depleted.
- Consider, the example of fish in international waters.
- However, when a lot of fishermen, all thinking this way, catch the fish, the total stock of fish may be depleted.
- When the stock of fish is depleted, none of the fishermen are able to continue fishing, even though, in the long run, each fisherman would have preferred that the fish not be depleted.
- This would be the same as the fishermen realizing that they should limit their fishing to preserve the stock of fish in the long-term.
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- The superclass Agnatha describes fish that lack jaws and includes the extant species of hagfish and lampreys.
- Some of the earliest jawless fishes were the ostracoderms (Greek for "bone-skin") .
- Ostracoderms were vertebrate fishes encased in bony armor, unlike present-day jawless fishes, which lack bone in their scales.
- Ostracoderms were some of the earliest jawless fishes and were covered in bony armor.
- Present-day jawless fishes lack bone in their scales.
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- Using only a point estimate is like fishing in a murky lake with a spear, and using a confidence interval is like fishing with a net.
- We can throw a spear where we saw a fish, but we will probably miss.
- On the other hand, if we toss a net in that area, we have a good chance of catching the fish.
- 4.7: If we want to be more certain we will capture the fish, we might use a wider net.
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- Pairs of fish that are not broadcast spawners may exhibit courtship behavior.
- This occurs in most bony fish, many reptiles, some cartilaginous fish, most amphibians, two mammals, and all birds.
- This occurs in most mammals, some cartilaginous fish, and a few reptiles, making these animals viviparous.
- An image of an Anemone fish protecting its spawn.
- The anemone fish utilizes a form of external fertilization.
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- About 90 percent of bony fish species can live in either freshwater or seawater, but not both.
- These fish are incapable of osmotic regulation in the alternate habitat.
- The fish do not drink much water and balance electrolytes by passing dilute urine while actively taking up salts through the gills.
- The blood composition of cartilaginous fishes, such as sharks and rays, is similar to that of bony fishes.
- Fish are osmoregulators, but must use different mechanisms to survive in (a) freshwater or (b) saltwater environments.
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- In addition to growing crops and raising animals for food, humans obtain food resources from wild populations, primarily fish populations.
- But since 1990, global fish production has declined dramatically.
- In general, the fish taken from fisheries have shifted to smaller species as larger species are fished to extinction.
- In general, the fish taken from fisheries have shifted to smaller species as larger species are fished to extinction.
- When a fish stock is reduced to a level that is too low to allow that stock to replenish itself, overfishing has occurred.
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- Amphibians evolved from fish 400 million years ago and are characterized by four limbs, moist skin, and sensitive inner ear structures.
- Acanthostega was aquatic; fossils show that it had gills similar to fishes.
- Therefore, it is thought that Acanthostega lived in shallow waters and was an intermediate form between lobe-finned fishes and early, fully terrestrial tetrapods.
- In 2006, researchers published news of their discovery of a fossil of a "tetrapod-like fish," Tiktaalik roseae, which seems to be an intermediate form between fishes having fins and tetrapods having limbs .
- The recent fossil discovery of Tiktaalik roseae suggests evidence for an animal intermediate to finned fish and legged tetrapods.
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- In some aquatic ecosystems, organisms from each trophic level consumed many organisms of the lower level, which caused DDT to increase in birds (apex consumers) that ate fish.
- These substances were best studied in aquatic ecosystems where fish species at different trophic levels accumulate toxic substances brought through the ecosystem by the primary producers.
- Also, based on results from other studies, birds that eat these fish may have PCB levels at least one order of magnitude higher than those found in the lake fish.
- These individuals are advised to eat fish low in mercury: salmon, sardines, tilapia, shrimp, pollock, and catfish.
- Notice that the fish in the higher trophic levels accumulate more PCBs than those in lower trophic levels.