German-Soviet Frontier Treaty

Examples of German-Soviet Frontier Treaty in the following topics:

• German–Soviet Treaty of Friendship

  • The German–Soviet Treaty of Friendship was a secret supplementary protocol of the 1939 Hitler-Stalin Pact, signed on September 28, 1939 by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union after their joint invasion and occupation of sovereign Poland, that delineated the spheres of interest between the two powers.
  • The German–Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Demarcation (later known as the German-Soviet Frontier Treaty) was a second supplementary protocol of the 1939 Hitler-Stalin Pact.
  • The pact delineated the spheres of interest between the two powers, confirmed by the supplementary protocol of the German-Soviet Frontier Treaty amended after the joint invasion of Poland.
  • In addition to stipulations of non-aggression, the treaty included a secret protocol that divided territories of Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Finland, and Romania, into German and Soviet "spheres of influence," anticipating "territorial and political rearrangements" of these countries.
  • Argue for and against the Soviet Union's decision to sign the Treaty of Friendship with the Third Reich

• September 1, 1939

  • The German invasion began on 1 September 1939, one week after the signing of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, while the Soviet invasion commenced on 17 September following the Molotov-Tōgō agreement that terminated the Russian and Japanese hostilities in the east on 16 September. 
  • The campaign ended on 6 October with Germany and the Soviet Union dividing and annexing the whole of Poland under the terms of the German-Soviet Frontier Treaty.
  • On 6 October, following the Polish defeat at the Battle of Kock, German and Soviet forces gained full control over Poland.
  • The Soviet Union incorporated its newly acquired areas into its constituent Belarusian and Ukrainian republics, and immediately started a campaign of sovietization.
  • Later that day, the Germans attacked on Poland's western, southern and northern borders, while German aircraft began raids on Polish cities.

• Crisis in Berlin

  • The brain drain of professionals had become so damaging to the political credibility and economic viability of East Germany that closing this loophole and securing the Soviet-imposed East-West-Berlin frontier was imperative.
  • The three powers replied that no unilateral treaty could abrogate their responsibilities and rights in West Berlin, including the right of unobstructed access to the city.
  • By the early summer of 1961, East German President Walter Ulbricht apparently had persuaded the Soviets that an immediate solution was necessary and that the only way to stop the exodus was to use force.
  • This presented a delicate problem for the Soviet Union because the four-power status of Berlin specified free travel between zones and specifically forbade the presence of German troops in Berlin.
  • Although this extensive activity was widely known, few outside the small circle of Soviet and East German planners believed that East Germany would be sealed off.

• A Grinding War Against Iran

  • The German Army was steadily advancing through the Soviet Union and a "Persian Corridor" was seen as one of the few ways for the Allies to get desperately needed Lend-Lease supplies to the Soviets from the United States.
  • The new Iranian Prime Minister, Fourughi, agreed that the German Minister and his staff should leave Tehran, that the German, Italian, Hungarian, and Romanian legations should close, and that all remaining German nationals be handed over to the British and Soviet authorities.
  • The Soviet and British forces withdrew from Tehran on October 17, after the Germans had been dealt with.
  • The new Shah signed a Treaty of Alliance with Britain and the Soviet Union in January 1942, under which Iran provided nonmilitary assistance to the Allied war effort.
  • The Shah's pro-German stance in WWII provoked a Soviet-British attack in 1941.

• The European Theater

  • Although Germany and the Soviet Union were sworn enemies, on August 23, 1939, the Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov and the German Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop signed a non-aggression treaty known as the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact.
  • Both the Germans and the Soviets spent the spring and early summer of 1943 preparing for large offensives in central Russia.
  • The Soviet victory at Kursk marked the end of German superiority, giving the Soviet Union the initiative on the Eastern Front.
  • Soon after that another Soviet strategic offensive forced German troops from Western Ukraine and Eastern Poland.
  • The Soviet advance prompted resistance forces in Poland to initiate several uprisings against the German occupation.

• Terms of Surrender

  • The German Instrument of Surrender ended World War II in Europe.
  • Late in the evening of August 8, 1945, in accordance with the Yalta agreements, but in violation of the Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact, the Soviet Union declared war on Japan, and soon after midnight on August 9, 1945, the Soviet Union invaded the Imperial Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo.
  • The Treaty of Peace with Italy (one of the Paris Peace Treaties) was signed on 10 February 1947 between Italy and the victorious powers of World War II, formally ending hostilities.
  • Articles 47 and 48 called for the demolition of all permanent fortifications along the Franco-Italian and Yugoslav-Italian frontier.
  • Article 17 of the treaty banned Fascist organizations ("whether political, military, or semi-military") in Italy.

• NATO and the Warsaw Pact

  • Britain, France, the United States, Canada and eight other western European countries established the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in 1949 and in 1955 the Soviet Union responded by created the Warsaw Pact.
  • The treaty and the Soviet Berlin Blockade led to the creation of the Western European Union's Defence Organization in September 1948.
  • The first NATO Secretary General, Lord Ismay, stated in 1949 that the organization's goal was "to keep the Russians out, the Americans in, and the Germans down."
  • A major reason for Germany's entry into the alliance was that without German manpower, it would have been impossible to field enough conventional forces to resist a Soviet invasion.
  • The Warsaw Pact, formally the Treaty of Friendship, Co-operation, and Mutual Assistance, was a collective defense treaty among the Soviet Union and seven other Soviet satellite states in Central and Eastern Europe in existence during the Cold War.

• The Iron Curtain

  • The term symbolized efforts by the Soviet Union to block itself and its satellite states from open contact with the West and non-Soviet-controlled areas.
  • Member countries of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (commonly abbreviated to NATO) and with the United States as the pre-eminent power
  • A series of events during and after World War II exacerbated tensions, including the Soviet-German pact during the first two years of the war leading to subsequent invasions, the perceived delay of an amphibious invasion of German-occupied Europe, the western allies' support of the Atlantic Charter, disagreement in wartime conferences over the fate of Eastern Europe, the Soviets' creation of an Eastern Bloc of Soviet satellite states, western allies scrapping the Morgenthau Plan to support the rebuilding of German industry, and the Marshall Plan.
  • People in the West expressed opposition to Soviet domination over the buffer states, and the fear grew that the Soviets were building an empire that might be a threat to them and their interests.
  • Hard as bourgeois politicians and writers may strive to conceal the truth of the achievements of the Soviet order and Soviet culture, hard as they may strive to erect an iron curtain to keep the truth about the Soviet Union from penetrating abroad, hard as they may strive to belittle the genuine growth and scope of Soviet culture, all their efforts are foredoomed to failure.

• The End of the War

  • SS General Karl Wolff, after prolonged unauthorized secret negotiations with the western Allies (Operation Sunrise), which the Soviets viewed as an attempt to reach a separate peace, ordered all German armed forces in Italy to cease hostilities, and surrendered unconditionally to the Allies on May 2.
  • Meanwhile, the Battle of Berlin was ending and German forces in Berlin surrendered unconditionally to the Soviet army.
  • The alternative, as Eisenhower threatened, was close western lines to German soldiers, thus forcing them to surrender to the Soviets, something the Nazis wanted to avoid since they could expect brutal treatment from the Soviets as retribution for the terrible Nazi treatment of the Soviets early in the war.
  • The San Francisco Peace Treaty, signed on September 8, 1951, marked the end of the Allied occupation, and after it came into force on April 28, 1952, Japan was once again an independent country.
  • After the Battle of Berlin, Soviet soldiers hoist the Soviet flag on the balcony of the Hotel Adlon in Berlin.

• North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

  • The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is an intergovernmental military alliance based on the North Atlantic Treaty which was signed on April 4, 1949.
  • This treaty, and the Soviet Berlin Blockade, led to the creation of the Western European Union's Defense Organization in September 1948.
  • This Treaty formally created NATO.
  • In 1954, the Soviet Union suggested that it should join NATO to preserve peace in Europe.
  • A major reason for Germany's entry into the alliance was that without German manpower, it would have been impossible to field enough conventional forces to resist a Soviet invasion.