glass

Examples of glass in the following topics:

• Glass

  • Such techniques include stained glass windows, leaded lights, cast glass, sandblasted glass, and glassblowing to name a few.
  • In the case of stained glass windows, the window is designed and after the glass has been cut to shape, paint is applied that contains ground glass, so that when it is fired in a kiln, the paint fuses onto the glass surface.
  • Slumped glass and fused glass are similar to cast glass, but they are not heated to as high of a temperature.
  • The ancient technique of blown glass is one of the more popular ways to work with glass.
  • Colored glass can be gathered out of a crucible, while clear glass can be rolled in powdered colored glass to coat the outside of a bubble, rolled in chips of glass, or stretched into rods and incorporated through caneworking.

• Properties of Quartz and Glass

  • Glass is an amorphous (non-crystalline) solid material.
  • Glass is in widespread use largely due to the production of glass compositions that are transparent to visible wavelengths of light.
  • These properties, which give glass its clearness, can be retained even if glass is partially light-absorbing or colored.
  • Common glass has a refractive index of 1.5.
  • When used in art glass or studio glass, glass is colored using closely guarded recipes that involve specific combinations of metal oxides, melting temperatures, and 'cook' times.

• Islamic Glass Making

  • For most of the Middle Ages, Islamic luxury glass was the most sophisticated in Eurasia, exported to both Europe and China.
  • Islam took over much of the traditional glass-producing territory of Sassanian and Ancient Roman glass, and since figurative decoration played a small part in pre-Islamic glass, the change in style was not abrupt—except that the whole area initially formed a political whole, and, for example, Persian innovations were now almost immediately taken up in Egypt.
  • Between the 8th and early 11th centuries, the emphasis in luxury glass was on effects achieved by "manipulating the surface" of the glass, initially by incising into the glass on a wheel, and later by cutting away the background to leave a design in relief.
  • These and other glass pieces probably represented cheaper versions of vessels of carved rock crystal (clear quartz)—themselves influenced by earlier glass vessels—and there is some evidence that at this period glass and hardstone cutting were regarded as the same craft.
  • Throughout the period, local centers made simpler wares such as Hebron glass in Palestine .

• The Magnifying Glass

  • A magnifying glass is a convex lens that lets the observer see a larger image of the object being observed.
  • A magnifying glass is a convex lens that lets the observer see a larger image of the object under observation.
  • Typical magnifying glasses have a focal length of 25cm and an optical power of four diopters.
  • The earliest evidence of a magnifying device was Aristophanes's "lens" from 424 BC, a glass globe filled with water.
  • A magnifying glass is a convex lens that lets the observer see a larger image of the object under observation.

• Optional Collaborative Classrom Exercise

  • Find a population, a sample, the parameter, the statistic, a variable, and data for the following study: You want to determine the average (mean) number of glasses of milk college students drink per day.
  • Suppose yesterday, in your English class, you asked five students how many glasses of milk they drank the day before.
  • The answers were 1, 0, 1, 3, and 4 glasses of milk.

• Water’s Cohesive and Adhesive Properties

  • Have you ever filled a glass of water to the very top and then slowly added a few more drops?
  • Before it overflows, the water forms a dome-like shape above the rim of the glass.
  • This water can stay above the glass because of the property of cohesion.
  • It's even possible to "float" a needle on top of a glass of water if it is placed gently without breaking the surface tension .
  • Capillary action in a glass tube is caused by the adhesive forces exerted by the internal surface of the glass exceeding the cohesive forces between the water molecules themselves.

• Romanesque Painting and Stained Glass

  • Painting from the Romanesque era consisted of elaborate mural decorations and exquisite stained glass.
  • From these elements was forged a highly innovative and coherent style in illumination, painting, and stained glass.
  • The oldest-known fragments of medieval pictorial stained glass appear to date from the 10th century.
  • Other exceptional stained glass examples can be found at Saint Kunibert's Church in Cologne, made around 1220.
  • Stained glass, the Prophet Daniel from Augsburg Cathedral, late 11th century.

• Air Wedge

  • The interferometer consists of two optical glass wedges (~2-5 degrees), pushed together and then slightly separated from one side to create a thin air-gap wedge.
  • The air gap between the two glass plates has two unique properties: it is very thin (micrometer scale) and has perfect flatness.
  • The first reflection occurs when the beam enters the first glass plate.
  • The fourth beam is reflected when it encounters the boundary of the second glass plate.
  • To minimize image aberrations of the resulting fringes, the angle plane of the glass wedges has to be placed orthogonal to the angle plane of the air-wedge.

• Norman Stained Glass

  • A significant art form from the Norman empire, throughout both France and Norman-controlled England, was that of stained glass.
  • A significant art form from the Norman empire, throughout both France and Norman-controlled England, was that of stained glass.
  • Glass craftsmen were slower than architects to change their style, and much Norman stained glass from at least the first part of the 13th century can be considered as essentially Romanesque.
  • Most cathedrals of the period had a mixture of windows containing plain or grisaille glass and windows containing dense stained glass panels, with the result that the brightness of the former tended to diminish the impact and legibility of the latter.
  • The basilica retains stained glass of many periods, most notably from the Romanesque era.

• Graphic Arts

  • Primary media in the Gothic period included sculpture, panel painting, stained glass, fresco, and illuminated manuscripts.
  • Painting during the Gothic period was practiced in four primary media: frescoes, panel paintings, manuscript illumination, and stained glass.
  • Gothic architecture greatly increased the amount of glass in large buildings, partly to allow for wide expanses of glass, as in rose windows.
  • In the early part of the period, mainly black paint and clear or brightly colored glass was used but in the early fourteenth century, the use of compounds of silver painted on glass which was then fired, allowed a number of variations of color, centered on yellows, to be used with clear glass in a single piece.
  • By the end of the period, designs increasingly used large pieces of glass which were painted with yellows as the dominant colors and relatively few smaller pieces of glass in other colors.