Hindu-Arabic system

Examples of Hindu-Arabic system in the following topics:

• The Islamic Golden Age

  • He tried to reconcile Aristotle's system of thought with Islam.
  • The term "algorithm" is derived from the name of the scholar al-Khwarizmi, who was also responsible for introducing the Arabic numerals and Hindu-Arabic numeral system beyond the Indian subcontinent.
  • Islamic scholars translated their writings from Syriac, Greek, and Sanskrit into Arabic and then produced new medical knowledge based on those texts.
  • Calligraphy, an essential aspect of written Arabic, developed in manuscripts and architectural decoration.
  • The traditional instrument of the Arabic calligrapher is the qalam, a pen made of dried reed or bamboo.

• Intellectual Life

  • This movement tried to employ a systemic approach to truth and reason and culminated in the thought of Thomas Aquinas (d. 1274), who wrote the Summa Theologica, or Summary of Theology.
  • Among the results of the Greek and Islamic influence on this period in European history were the replacement of Roman numerals with the decimal positional number system and the invention of algebra, which allowed more advanced mathematics.
  • How the world came to use so-called Arabic numerals—from the scholarship of ancient Hindu mathematicians, to Muslim scientist Al-Khwarizmi, to the merchants of medieval Italy.

• The Rise of Hinduism

  • As it spread, this new Hinduism assimilated popular non-Vedic gods and other traditions from local cultures, and integrated societal divisions, called the caste system.
  • Akbar I, emperor of the ruling Mughal Dynasty in India from 1556-1605 CE, ended official persecution of non-Muslims and recognized Hinduism, protected Hindu temples, and abolished discriminatory taxes against Hindus.
  • During the 14th and 15th centuries, the Hindu Vijayanagar Empire had arisen and served as a barrier against invasion by Muslim rulers to the north, fostering a reconstruction of Hindu life and administration.
  • Diwali decorations in Little India are part of an annual Hindu celebration in Singapore, where there are over 260,000 Hindus.
  • The Swaminarayan Akshardham Temple in Delhi, the world's largest Hindu temple

• Sanskrit

  • It is still used today in Hindu religious rituals, Buddhist hymns and chants, and Jain texts.
  • Vedic Sanskrit is the language of the Vedas, the most ancient Hindu scripts, compiled c. 1500-500 BCE.
  • Hindu Puranas, a genre of Indian literature that includes myths and legends, fall into the period of Classical Sanskrit.
  • Works of Sanskrit literature, such as the Yoga-Sutras of Patanjali, which are still consulted by practitioners of yoga today, and the Upanishads, a series of sacred Hindu treatises, were translated into Arabic and Persian.
  • Sanskrit evolved from Proto-Indo-European languages and was used to write the Vedas, the Hindu religious texts compiled between 1500-500 BCE.

• Hindu Rajput Kingdoms

  • The Rajputs were patrilineal clans, ruling a majority of Hindu princely states in northern India between the 6th and 20th centuries.
  • According to one theory, the invading Hephthalites, who ushered in the collapse of the Gupta dynasty in the late 6th century, were integrated into Indian society and given a ritual rank, kshatriya, within the Hindu caste system.
  • Khajuraho has the largest group of medieval Hindu temples and arguably the finest.
  • The fort has three layers of walls and an ingenious drainage system that allows for easy drainage of rainwater away from the fort in all four directions.
  • Summarize the history of the Hindu Rajput kingdom, including its interaction with the Mughal Empire.

• Luxury Arts

  • Typically, though not entirely, Islamic art has focused on the depiction of patterns and Arabic calligraphy, rather than on figures .
  • The later Mughal Empire period is most notable for luxury arts of the court, and Mughal styles heavily influenced local Hindu and later Sikh rulers as well.
  • Soon local artists, many of them Hindu, were trained in the style.
  • As the courts of local Nawabs developed, distinct provincial styles with stronger influence from traditional Indian painting developed in both Muslim and Hindu princely courts.
  • Islamic art has focused on the depiction of patterns and Arabic calligraphy, rather than on figures, because it is feared by many Muslims that the depiction of the human form is idolatry.

• The Bhakti Movement

  • The Bhakti movement is a Hindu religious movement in which the main spiritual practice is loving devotion among the Shaivite and Vaishnava saints.
  • The Islamic rulers were pressing the public to convert from Hindu to Islam.
  • Beyond the confines of such formal schools and movements, however, the development of Bhakti as a major form of Hindu practice has left an indelible stamp on the faith.
  • Generally a liberal movement, its denouncement of caste offered recourse for Hindus from the orthodox Brahaminical systems.

• Mughal Empire

  • However, his son Akbar (r. 1556-1605), defeated the Hindu king Hemu Vikramaditya, who had seized power in Delhi during Humayun's exile in the Second Battle of Panipat in 1556, thus reestablishing Mughal rule in northern India.
  • Arguably the greatest of all Mughal emperors, Akbar was simultaneously an adept military leader who conquered vast swaths of northern and central India and a shrewd statesman who extended his empire by forging martial and marital alliances with his Hindu Rajput neighbors.
  • He also was an exceptionally capable ruler, setting up efficient and durable administrative institutions of government, and a tolerant man who pursued policies of religious accommodation and harmony towards his Hindu subjects.
  • His religious intolerance, combined with his military and political expansionism, roused dissension among the Rajputs and the Hindu Maratha states in the Deccan Peninsula; he spent the last 26 years of his life and vast amounts of wealth trying to put down rebellions in the far reaches of his vast empire.
  • The creation of a road system and a uniform currency, along with the unification of previously disparate territories, allowed for a strong economy under Mughal rule.

• The Sramana Movement

  • Most history of this period is derived from the Vedas, the oldest scriptures in the Hindu religion.
  • The Sramana traditions subscribe to diverse philosophies,  and at times significantly disagree with each other, as well as with orthodox Hinduism and its six schools of Hindu philosophy.
  • The varied Sramana movements arose in the same circles of ancient India that led to the development of Yogic practices, which include the Hindu philosophy of following a course of physical and mental discipline in order to attain liberation from the material world, and a union between the self and a supreme being or principle.
  • The Sramana traditions drove the so-called Hindu synthesis after the Vedic period, which spread to southern Indian and parts of Southeast Asia.
  • As it spread, this new Hinduism assimilated popular non-Vedic gods and other traditions from local cultures, as well as the integrated societal divisions, called the caste system.

• Dates and Calendars

  • These gave rise to the various Hindu calendars, as well as to the ancient Roman calendar, which contained very ancient remnants of a pre-Etruscan ten-month solar year.
  • Various Hindu calendars developed in the medieval period with Gupta era astronomy as their common basis.
  • The Buddhist calendar and the traditional lunisolar calendars of Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, and Thailand are also based on an older version of the Hindu calendar.
  • Of all the ancient calendar systems, the Mayan and other Mesoamerican systems are the most complex.
  • While both systems are thus an accepted standard, the CE/BCE system is more neutral and inclusive of a non-Christian perspective.