meta

Examples of meta in the following topics:

• Using Metacommentary to Clarify and Elaborate

  • Meta-discussion is a discussion of the nature of a conversation, such as the style and participants of a discussion.
  • Meta-discussion can help us understand why a particular text is important.
  • Accordingly, meta-discussion secured a place for Duchamp's urinal in the annals of art history.
  • Academic writers frequently legitimize their arguments by engaging in meta-discussion.
  • In academic meta-discussion, it is important to use specific sources and cite them in the paper.

• Elimination

  • For example, treatment of para-chlorotoluene with sodium hydroxide solution at temperatures above 350 ºC gave an equimolar mixture of meta- and para-cresols (hydroxytoluenes).
  • However, ortho-chloroanisole gave exclusively meta-methoxyaniline under the same conditions.
  • In the absence of steric hindrance (top example) equal amounts of meta- and para-cresols are obtained.

• Substitution Reactions of Benzene Derivatives

  • If reaction occurs equally well at all available sites, the expected statistical mixture of isomeric products would be 40% ortho, 40% meta and 20% para.
  • Bromination of nitrobenzene requires strong heating and produces the meta-bromo isomer as the chief product.
  • With some exceptions, such as the halogens, deactivating substituents direct substitution to the meta location.
  • Toluene gives 58.5% ortho-nitrotoluene, 37% para-nitrotoluene and only 4.5% of the meta isomer.
  • Consequently, meta-products predominate when electrophilic substitution is forced to occur.

• Research Methods for Evaluating Treatment Efficacy

  • A meta-analysis comprises statistical methods for contrasting and combining results from different treatment-focused studies in the hope of identifying patterns among study results, sources of disagreement among those results, or other interesting relationships that may come to light in the context of multiple studies.
  • Meta-analysis can be thought of as "conducting research about previous research" in order to gain a better understanding of the effectiveness of different therapeutic approaches.
  • Many meta-analyses have been used to explore the effectiveness of psychotherapy.
  • For example, one large-scale study that examined 16 meta-analyses of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) reported that it was as effective as, or more effective than, other therapies in treating post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), generalized anxiety disorder, depression, and social phobia (Butlera, Chapmanb, Formanc, & Becka, 2006).
  • Another meta-analysis found that psychodynamic therapy was also as effective at treating these types of psychological issues as CBT (Shedler, 2010).

• Benzen Derivatives

  • In the case of disubstituted benzenes, the prefixes ortho, meta & para are commonly used to indicate a 1,2- or 1,3- or 1,4- relationship respectively.
  • Some disubstituted toluenes have singular names (e.g. xylene, cresol & toluidine) and their isomers are normally designated by the ortho, meta or para prefix.

• Directed ortho-Metalation

  • Electrophilic substitution of aromatic rings generally gives a mixture of ortho and para substitution products when an existing substituent activates the ring or meta products when the substituent is deactivating.
  • Direct electrophilic substitution would normally occur at the meta position, so the action of the amide DMG is particularly noteworthy.

• Management: the meta profession

• Characteristics of Specific Substitution Reactions

  • We find, for example, that nitration of nitrobenzene occurs smoothly at 95 ºC, giving meta-dinitrobenzene, whereas bromination of nitrobenzene (ferric catalyst) requires a temperature of 140 ºC.
  • The bulky tert-butyl group ends up attached to the reactive meta-xylene ring at the least hindered site.
  • This may not be the site of initial bonding, since polyalkylbenzenes rearrange under Friedel-Crafts conditions (para-dipropylbenzene rearranges to meta-dipropylbenzene on heating with AlCl3).
  • Since meta-substitution favors a single product, separation of trace isomers is normally not a problem.

• Sustainability: make it an ongoing mission to make it known

  • ., ‘A Meta-Analytic Study of the Effects of Goal Setting on Task Performance 1966–1984', Organizational Behaviour and Human Decision Processes)

• Background & Introduction

  • Discrete Kekule formulas demonstrate that this benzyl-like delocalization places the electron on ortho and para carbons, but not on meta carbons.
  • If the para-locations are themselves hindered by large meta substituents, then an unstable hexaarylethane may actually be formed.