n-type semiconductor
(noun)
A doped semiconductor in which conduction is due to the movement of additional electrons.
Examples of n-type semiconductor in the following topics:
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Doping: Connectivity of Semiconductors
- When we place p-type and n-type semiconductors in contact with one another, a p-n junction is formed. p-n junctions are basic components of most common electrical devices.
- While semiconductors doped with either n-type dopants or p-type dopants are better conductors than intrinsic semiconductors, interesting properties emerge when p- and n-type semiconductors are combined to form a p-n junction.
- Combining n-type and p-type semiconductors creates a system which has useful applications in modern electronics.
- The p-n junction forms between juxtaposed p- and n-type semiconductors.
- The free electrons from the n-type semiconductor combine with the holes in the p-type semiconductor near the junction.
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Semiconductors
- These are also called "undoped semiconductors" or "i-type semiconductors. "
- There are two types of extrinsic semiconductors that result from doping: atoms that have an extra electron (n-type for negative, from group V, such as phosphorus) and atoms that have one fewer electron (p-type for positive, from group III, such as boron).
- N-type semiconductors are a type of extrinsic semiconductor in which the dopant atoms are capable of providing extra conduction electrons to the host material (e.g. phosphorus in silicon).
- This creates an excess of negative (n-type) electron charge carriers.
- Compare N-type and P-type semi-conductors, distinguishing them from semi-conductors and insulators using band theory.
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Radiation Detection
- Different types of radiation detectors exist ; gaseous ionization detectors, semiconductor detectors, and scintillation detectors are the most common.
- A semiconductor detector uses a semiconductor (usually silicon or germanium) to detect traversing charged particles or the absorption of photons.
- When these detectors' sensitive structures are based on single diodes, they are called semiconductor diode detectors.
- When they contain many diodes with different functions, the more general term "semiconductor detector" is used.
- Semiconductor detectors have had various applications in recent decades, in particular in gamma and x-ray spectrometry and as particle detectors.
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The Hall Effect
- For a metal containing only one type of charge carrier (electrons), the Hall voltage (VH) can be calculated as a factor of current (I), magnetic field (B), thickness of the conductor plate (t), and charge carrier density (n) of the carrier electrons:
- The Hall effect is a rather ubiquitous phenomenon in physics, and appears not only in conductors, but semiconductors, ionized gases, and in quantum spin among other applications.
- Express Hall voltage for a a metal containing only one type of charge carriers
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Sulfur Compounds
- Sodium dithionite, (S2O42−) contains the more highly reducing dithionite anion; sodium dithionate (Na2S2O6) is the first member of the polythionic acids (H2SnO6), where n can range from 3 to many.
- An important S–N compound is the cage tetrasulfur tetranitride (S4N4).
- These materials tend to be dark-colored semiconductors that are not readily attacked by water or even many acids.
- The mineral galena (PbS) was the first demonstrated semiconductor.
- In the most common type of industrial "curing" or hardening and strengthening of natural rubber, elemental sulfur is heated with the rubber until chemical reactions form disulfide bridges between isoprene units of the polymer.
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X-Ray Diffraction
- Diffraction can happen to any type of wave, not just visible light waves.
- Refer to for a diagram of the following equation: $n\lambda = 2d sin(\theta)$
- n - numeric constant known as the order of the diffracted beam
- Now the XRD machines are equipped with semiconductor detectors.
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Solution to Exercises in Chapter 10
- Type I error: We conclude that the mean is not 34 years, when it really is 34 years.
- Type II error: We do not conclude that the mean is not 34 years, when it is not really 34 years.
- Type I error: We conclude that the mean is less than $100,000, when it really is at least $100,000.
- Type I error: We conclude that the proportion is less than 11%, when it is really at least 11%.
- Type II error: We do not conclude that the proportion is less than 11%, when it really is less than 11%.
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Dependence of Resistance on Temperature
- Note also that α is negative for semiconductors, meaning that their resistivity decreases with increasing temperature.
- This property of decreasing ρ with temperature is also related to the type and amount of impurities present in the semiconductors.
- One of the most common is the thermistor, a semiconductor crystal with a strong temperature dependence, the resistance of which is measured to obtain its temperature.
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Electron Configurations and Magnetic Properties of Ions
- In bulk materials, this same idea helps explain the peculiar properties of lasers and semiconductors.
- Permanent magnets have persistent magnetic fields caused by ferromagnetism, the strongest and most familiar type of magnetism.
- Each diagonal red arrow corresponds to a different value of n + l.
- There are various types of magnetism identified to date that can be organized in a hierarchy.
- Predict the type of ions an element will form based on its position in the periodic table
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Solutions to Exercises in Chapter 12
- 7.1 N/A7.2.
- There is insufficient evidence to conclude that the distribution of personality types is different for business and social science majors.
- 7.1 N/A7.2.
- N/A7.2.
- N/A7.4.