neutralization reaction

Examples of neutralization reaction in the following topics:

• Neutralization Reaction

  • Neutralization reactions are used to inactivate viruses and evaluate neutralizing antibodies.
  • A neutralizing antibody defends a cell from an antigen or infectious body by inhibiting or neutralizing any effect it has biologically .
  • Antibodies can also neutralize viral infectivity by binding to cell surface receptors.
  • Neutralizing antibodies have shown potential in the treatment of retroviral infections.
  • In diagnostic immunology and virology laboratories, the evaluation of neutralizing antibodies, which destroy the infectivity of viruses, can be measured by the neutralization method.

• Lewis Acid and Base Molecules

  • The "neutralization" reaction is one in which a covalent bond forms between an electron-rich species (the Lewis base) and an electron-poor species (the Lewis acid).
  • For now however, we will consider how the Lewis definition applies to classic acid-base neutralization.
  • We have previously described this as an acid-base neutralization reaction in which water and a salt are formed.
  • When considering Lewis acids and bases, the only real reaction of interest is the net ionic reaction:
  • Thus, in this version of the neutralization reaction, what interests us is not the salt that forms, but the covalent bond that forms between OH- and H+ to form water.

• Strong Acid-Strong Base Titrations

  • Using the stoichiometry of the reaction, the unknown concentration can be determined.
  • It makes use of the neutralization reaction that occurs between acids and bases and the knowledge of how acids and bases will react if their formulas are known.
  • The other reactant of known concentration remains in a burette to be delivered during the reaction.
  • Neutralization is the reaction between an acid and a base, producing a salt and neutralized base.
  • Neutralization is the basis of titration.

• Peroxisomes

  • Peroxisomes neutralize harmful toxins and carry out lipid metabolism and oxidation reactions that break down fatty acids and amino acids.
  • They also carry out oxidation reactions that break down fatty acids and amino acids.
  • In this way, peroxisomes neutralize poisons, such as alcohol, that enter the body.
  • Peroxisomes oversee reactions that neutralize free radicals.
  • Like miniature sewage treatment plants, peroxisomes neutralize harmful toxins so that they do not cause damage in the cells.

• Reactions of Epoxides

  • Epoxides (oxiranes) are three-membered cyclic ethers that are easily prepared from alkenes by reaction with peracids.
  • The aqueous acid used to work up the third reaction, following the Grignard reagent cleavage of the ethylene oxide, simply neutralizes the magnesium salt of the alcohol product.

• Important Reagent Bases

  • The common base sodium hydroxide is not soluble in many organic solvents, and is therefore not widely used as a reagent in organic reactions.
  • Pyridine is commonly used as an acid scavenger in reactions that produce mineral acid co-products.
  • Hünig's base is relatively non-nucleophilic (due to steric hindrance), and like DBU is often used as the base in E2 elimination reactions conducted in non-polar solvents.
  • Barton's base is a strong, poorly-nucleophilic, neutral base that serves in cases where electrophilic substitution of DBU or other amine bases is a problem.
  • An interesting group of neutral, highly basic compounds of nitrogen and phosphorus have been prepared, and are referred to as superbases.

• Electrolytic Properties

  • The ions in the electrolyte neutralize these charges, enabling the electrons to keep flowing and the reactions to continue.
  • The positively-charged sodium ions Na+ will react toward the cathode, neutralizing the negative charge of OH− there; the negatively-charged hydroxide ions OH− will react toward the anode, neutralizing the positive charge of Na+ there.
  • Oxidation of ions or neutral molecules occurs at the anode, and the reduction of ions or neutral molecules occurs at the cathode.
  • Neutral molecules can also react at either electrode.
  • Recall that a more positive potential always means that that reaction will be favored; this will have consequences concerning redox reactions.

• The Arndt-Eistert Reaction

  • If the HCl is not neutralized by a base, this mixture reacts further to give a chloromethyl ketone with loss of nitrogen.
  • However, if the HCl is neutralized as it is formed, the relatively stable diazo ketone is obtained and may be used in subsequent reactions.
  • One equivalent of diazomethane is required for this reaction.
  • The first two examples are typical Arndt-Eistert reactions.
  • Reaction #3 is an example of such an alternative reaction.

• Types of Redox Reactions

  • Redox reactions are all around us.
  • Redox reactions are matched sets: if one species is oxidized in a reaction, another must be reduced.
  • In this equation, the water is "decomposed" into hydrogen and oxygen, both of which are neutral.
  • Displacement reactions, also known as replacement reactions, involve compounds and the "replacing" of elements.
  • Oxygen has been both oxidized and reduced in the reaction, making this a disproportionation reaction.

• Enzyme Active Site and Substrate Specificity

  • In some reactions, a single-reactant substrate is broken down into multiple products.
  • Two reactants might also enter a reaction, both become modified, and leave the reaction as two products.
  • Each amino acid residue can be large or small; weakly acidic or basic; hydrophilic or hydrophobic; and positively-charged, negatively-charged, or neutral.
  • This dynamic binding maximizes the enzyme's ability to catalyze its reaction.
  • After an enzyme is done catalyzing a reaction, it releases its products (substrates).