non-competitive inhibitors

Examples of non-competitive inhibitors in the following topics:

• Nucleotide and Nonnucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors

  • The first two inhibitors act on the same principle.
  • Nucleoside and nucleotide inhibitors are also called competitive substrate inhibitors.
  • Non-nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors bind to a different site, not the active one, of the reverse transcriptase enzyme.
  • Non-nucleotide inhibitors are non-competitive inhibitorsof reverse transcriptase.
  • Resistance to the non-nucleotide inhibitors is caused by mutations in the inhibitor binding site of the enzyme.

• Protease Inhibitors

  • Natural protease inhibitors are found in Shiitake mushrooms.
  • Protease inhibitors are short peptide-like molecules that are competitive inhibitors of the enzyme.
  • Saquinavir is the first clinically used peptide-like inhibitor.
  • In general, protease inhibitors exhibit the unusual side effect of fat storage in non-typical organs and tissues.
  • It is one of the major drawbacks of protease inhibitors therapy.

• Control of Metabolism Through Enzyme Regulation

  • In competitive inhibition, an inhibitor molecule is similar enough to a substrate that it can bind to the enzyme's active site to stop it from binding to the substrate.
  • Many enzymes only work if bound to non-protein helper molecules called cofactors and coenzymes.
  • However, while ATP is an inhibitor, ADP is an allosteric activator.
  • Competitive and noncompetitive inhibition affect the rate of reaction differently.
  • Competitive inhibitors affect the initial rate, but do not affect the maximal rate, whereas noncompetitive inhibitors affect the maximal rate.

• Synthetic Antimicrobial Drugs

  • Disinfectants are antimicrobial substances used on non-living objects or outside the body.
  • Similarly, when the infectious disease is picked up in the non-hospital setting, it is considered "community acquired".
  • In bacteria, antibacterial sulfonamides act as competitive inhibitors of the enzyme dihydropteroate synthetase (DHPS), an enzyme involved in folate synthesis.
  • The sulfonamide chemical moiety is also present in other medications that are not antimicrobials, including thiazide diuretics (including hydrochlorothiazide, metolazone, and indapamide, among others), loop diuretics (including furosemide, bumetanide, and torsemide), sulfonylureas (including glipizide, glyburide, among others), and some COX-2 inhibitors (e.g., celecoxib), and acetazolamide.

• Nonprice Competition

  • Non-price competition involves firms distinguishing their products from competing products on the basis of attributes other than price.
  • Since price competition can only go so far, firms often engage in non-price competition.
  • Non-price competition is a marketing strategy "in which one firm tries to distinguish its product or service from competing products on the basis of attributes like design and workmanship. "
  • Non-price competition may also promote innovation as firms try to distinguish their product.
  • Although any company can use a non-price competition strategy, it is most common among oligopolies and monopolistic competition, because these firms can be extremely competitive.

• Naturally Occurring Antimicrobial Drugs: Antibiotics

  • Disinfectants are antimicrobial substances used on non-living objects or outside the body.
  • Similarly, when the infectious disease is picked up in the non-hospital setting it is considered "community acquired. "
  • A protein synthesis inhibitor is a substance that stops or slows the growth or proliferation of cells by disrupting the processes that lead directly to the generation of new proteins.
  • In general, protein synthesis inhibitors work at different stages of prokaryotic mRNA translation into proteins, like initiation, elongation (including aminoacyl tRNA entry, proofreading, peptidyl transfer, and ribosomal translocation), and termination.
  • Discuss the mechanism of action for protein synthesis inhibitors used as antimicrobial drugs, and recognize various naturally occuring antimicrobial drugs

• Competition

  • Competition is a contest between people or groups of people for control over resources.
  • Competition is a contest between people or groups of people for control over resources.
  • Competition can have both beneficial and detrimental effects.
  • Positively, competition may serve as a form of recreation or a challenge provided that it is non-hostile.
  • Explain how competition can be both a help and a hinderance for people in any particular society or group

• Competition-Based Pricing

  • Competitive-based pricing occurs when a company sets a price for its good based on what competitors are selling a similar product for.
  • Smith and other classical economists before Cournot were referring to price and non-price rivalry among producers to sell their goods on best terms by the bidding of buyers, and not necessarily to a large number of sellers or to a market in final equilibrium.
  • With competition pricing, a firm will base what they charge on what other firms are charging.
  • One advantage of competitive-based pricing is that it avoids price competition that can damage the company.
  • Status-quo pricing, also known as competition pricing, involves maintaining existing prices or basing prices on what other firms are charging.

• Regulator Molecules of the Cell Cycle

  • Conversely, the effect of a deficient or non-functioning regulator can be wide-ranging and possibly fatal to the cell if multiple processes are affected.
  • Molecules that prevent the full activation of Cdks are called Cdk inhibitors.
  • Many of these inhibitor molecules directly or indirectly monitor a particular cell cycle event.
  • The block placed on Cdks by inhibitor molecules will not be removed until the specific event being monitored is completed.
  • All three of these regulatory proteins were discovered to be damaged or non-functional in cells that had begun to replicate uncontrollably (became cancerous).

• Monopolistic Competition Compared to Perfect Competition

  • The key difference between perfectly competitive markets and monopolistically competitive ones is efficiency.
  • Perfect competition and monopolistic competition are two types of economic markets.
  • One of the key similarities that perfectly competitive and monopolistically competitive markets share is elasticity of demand in the long-run.
  • In fact, firms work hard to emphasize the non-price related differences between their products and their competitors'.
  • In a monopolistic competitive market there are few barriers to entry and exit, but still more than in a perfectly competitive market.