Pliny the Younger
(noun)
A lawyer, author, and magistrate of Ancient Rome who witnessed the eruption of Mount Vesuvius.
Examples of Pliny the Younger in the following topics:
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Eruptions of Vesuvius and Pompeii
- The Forum, the baths, many houses, and some out-of-town villas like the Villa of the Mysteries remain surprisingly well preserved.
- The morning of the first day, August 24, was perceived as normal by the only eyewitness to leave a surviving document, Pliny the Younger, who at that point was staying at Misenum, on the other side of the Bay of Naples about 19 miles from the volcano, which may have prevented him from noticing the early signs of the eruption.
- At some time in the night or early the next day, August 25, pyroclastic flows in the close vicinity of the volcano began.
- By evening of the second day the eruption was over, leaving only haze in the atmosphere through which the sun shone weakly.
- Evidence for the destruction originally came from a surviving letter by Pliny the Younger, who saw the eruption from a distance and described the death of his uncle Pliny the Elder, an admiral of the Roman fleet, who tried to rescue citizens.
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Money and Fashion: The Commissions of Roman Patrons
- A Hellenistic marble statue (attributed by Roman historian Pliny the Elder to the sculptors Agesander, Athenodoros, and Polydorus from the island of Rhodes) was created in the early first century CE to depict this scene .
- The figures writhe as they are caught in the coils of the serpents.
- The carving and detail, the attention to the musculature of the body, and the deep drilling, seen in Laocoön's hair and beard, are all characteristic elements of the Hellenistic style.
- Pliny the Elder attributes the statue to the artists and brothers Apolllonius and Tauriscus of Trallles, Rhodes.
- The various angles reveal different expressions, from the terror of Dirce, to the determination of Antiope's sons, to the savagery of the bull.
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Age and Participation
- Political participation differs notably by age; in general, older citizens are more likely to turn out in elections than younger ones.
- People between the ages of thirty-five and sixty-five are the most politically active.
- People under the age of thirty are among the least involved in mainstream forms of participation, as younger people often lack the money and time to participate.
- While younger people turn out in elections less often than older people, youth voting has been on the rise in presidential elections since 2004.
- The growth of Internet technologies, particularly social media sites such as Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube, has also made it easier for candidates to reach younger voters who may not read traditional newspapers or watch television news and increase their turnout .
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The Eruption of Mount Vesuvius
- During the Roman Republic and into the early Empire, the area today known as the Bay of Naples was developed as a resort-type area for elite Romans escaping the pressure and politics of Rome.
- In the days leading up to the eruption the number of tremors became more frequent.
- The ash suffocated the remaining population; empty cavities within the ash are all that remains of those who died on the site.
- The Roman historian Pliny the Elder documented the eruption and lost his life during it.
- While the cities lingered in the memories of many Romans of the period, they were eventually forgotten, only to be rediscovered in the 18th century when the region was ruled by the King of Naples, Charles Bourbon.
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Intergenerational Conflict
- Intergenerational conflict refers to the conflict between older and younger generations as they compete for jobs and resources.
- This social theory suggests that conflict between older and younger generations occurs as they compete for resources and jobs .
- As jobs became increasingly scarce, younger and older generations both felt pressure to compete over available resources, enabling competition between the generational divide.
- As such, the economic climate of the era in which the theory developed influenced the content of the theory itself.
- Members of the powerful generation act as gatekeepers and orchestrate the distribution of resources and powers to be in line with their own interests, often at the exclusion of the needs of other individuals and generations.
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Sculpture in the Hellenistic Period
- Laocoön and His Sons, a Hellenistic marble sculpture group (attributed by Roman historian Pliny the Elder to the sculptors Agesander, Athenodoros, and Polydorus from the island of Rhodes) was created in the early first century CE to depict this scene from Virgil's epic The Aeneid.
- The figures writhe as they are caught in the coils of the serpents.
- The carving and detail, the attention to the musculature of the body, and the deep drilling, seen in Laocoön's hair and beard, are all characteristic elements of the Hellenistic style.
- Pliny the Elder attributes the statue to the artists and brothers Apolllonius and Tauriscus of Trallles, Rhodes.
- The various angles reveal different expressions, from the terror of Dirce, to the determination of Antiope's sons, to the savagery of the bull.
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The Flavian Dynasty
- The Flavians rose to power during the civil war of 69, known as the Year of the Four Emperors.
- The following day, the Roman Senate officially declared Vespasian emperor of the Roman Empire, thus commencing the Flavian dynasty.
- The ancient historians who lived through the period such as Tacitus, Suetonius, Josephus and Pliny the Elder speak suspiciously well of Vespasian while condemning the emperors who came before him.
- Tacitus admits that his status was elevated by Vespasian, Josephus identifies Vespasian as a patron and savior, and Pliny dedicated his Natural Histories to Vespasian's son, Titus.
- The Roman Empire during the Year of the Four Emperors (69 AD).
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Global Aging Trends
- This translates into a greater percentage of the world's population falling above the age of 65, as illustrated in the figure below.
- However, the rate at which the world's population is aging is not uniform across countries, and some countries have actually seen decreasing life expectancies, largely as a result of AIDS.
- The varied life expectancies and younger populations are illustrated in the map below, which depicts the percentage of each country's population that is over 65.
- The least developed countries are also the youngest countries as life expectancies are substantially lower.
- Less developed countries have much younger populations.
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The Graying of America
- The graying of America has contributed to the higher concentration of the elderly in certain areas of the United States.
- According to the United States Census, about 12% of the American population is over the age of 65.
- Instead, the high concentration of elderly people in the Midwest is due to the fact that the young are moving out of there.
- Further, many members of the younger generation are moving away from Pittsburgh in an effort to find work.
- Older people generally incur more health-related costs than do younger people, and in the workplace can also cost more in worker's compensation and pension liabilities.
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Prejudice
- Individuals who began working for a company in their younger years can be pushed out as they age.
- This process refers to company management redirecting clients away from the older employees and toward the younger employees.
- Joanna Lahey, a professor at the Bush School of Government and Public Service at Texas A&M University, has found that firms are 40% more likely to give a hiring interview to a younger candidate than to an older candidate.
- This suggests that firms are more interested in hiring younger employees than older employees.
- According to age stratification theory, younger and older people should be a disadvantages due to their position in life, whereas middle-age people would be at at advantage.