reduce

Examples of reduce in the following topics:

• Overview of Reducing Agents

  • The following table summarizes the influence each of the reducing systems discussed above has on the different classes of carboxylic acid derivatives.
  • Note that Lithium Aluminum Hydride (LiAlH4) is the strongest reducing agent listed, and it reduces all the substrates.
  • They are reduced by all the reagents, but only a few of these provide synthetically useful transformations.

• Sulfate and Sulfur Reduction

  • APS is subsequently reduced to sulfite and AMP.
  • All sulfate-reducing organisms are strict anaerobes.
  • By contrast, sulfate-reducing bacteria reduce sulfate in large amounts to obtain energy and expel the resulting sulfide as waste; this is known as "dissimilatory sulfate reduction. " Most sulfate-reducing bacteria can also reduce other oxidized inorganic sulfur compounds, such as sulfite, thiosulfate, or elemental sulfur (which is reduced to sulfide as hydrogen sulfide).
  • Toxic hydrogen sulfide is one waste product of sulfate-reducing bacteria; its rotten egg odor is often a marker for the presence of sulfate-reducing bacteria in nature.
  • Sulfate-reducing bacteria may be utilized for cleaning up contaminated soils; some species are able to reduce hydrocarbons, such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene.

• Reducing the costs and waste of extraneous packaging

  • Since packaging produces a substantial amount of waste, and waste is always a sign of wasted money, reducing packaging material is a good way for a business to decrease its expenses.
  • To combat this waste, food retailer giant Tesco introduced trayless bags for chickens that reduced packaging by 68% resulting in 540 fewer Tesco delivery vehicles on the road.
  • Also at Tesco, tomato purée tubes no longer come in cartons, which reduces packaging by 45%.
  • And lightweight wine bottles now reduce glass usage by 560 tons (even double-concentrated drink mixes have resulted in smaller and lighter packaging which further decreases delivery numbers).

• The Sulfur Cycle

  • Many bacteria can reduce sulfur in small amounts, but some bacteria can reduce sulfur in large amounts, in essence, breathing sulfur.
  • These bacteria get their energy by reducing elemental sulfur to hydrogen sulfide.
  • The most well known sulfur reducing bacteria are those in the domain Archea, which are some of the oldest forms of life on Earth.
  • Lots of bacteria reduce small amounts of sulfates to synthesize sulfur-containing cell components; this is known as assimilatory sulfate reduction.
  • By contrast, the sulfate-reducing bacteria considered here reduce sulfate in large amounts to obtain energy and expel the resulting sulfide as waste.

• Electrons and Energy

  • RH (Reducing agent) + NAD+ (Oxidizing agent) → NADH (Reduced) + R (Oxidized)
  • When electrons are added to a compound, the compound is reduced.
  • A compound that reduces another is called a reducing agent.
  • In the above equation, RH is a reducing agent and NAD+ is reduced to NADH.
  • Its reduced form is FADH2.

• Reducing the costs of operating electric motors

  • The golden rule in reducing the cost of running a motor is to ensure that it's the right-size motor for the job.

• Reducing Waste and Environmental Impacts

  • Reducing waste by more efficient manufacturing is a key goal of management, with supply chain sustainability seen as a key component.
  • As a result, suppliers reduced GHG emissions by 3,300 metric tons and saved $200,000 in energy costs.
  • In industrial production, using more efficient manufacturing processes and better materials will generally reduce the production of waste.
  • Fourteen companies in Merseyside took part in the Catalyst Project; the project generated overall savings of £9 million and landfill waste was reduced by 12,000 tonnes per year. ).
  • Investment in alternative modes of transportation, such as use of canals and airships, can play an important role in helping companies reduce the cost and environmental impact of their deliveries.

• Oxidations & Reductions

  • Carbon atoms colored blue are reduced, and those colored red are oxidized.
  • In the addition of hydrogen both carbon atoms are reduced, and the overall reaction is termed a reduction.
  • Addition of HBr reduces one of the double bond carbon atoms and oxidizes the other; consequently, there is no overall redox change in the substrate molecule.
  • Thus, Grignard reagent formation from an alkyl halide reduces the substituted carbon atom.
  • In the following equation and half-reactions the carbon atom (blue) is reduced and the magnesium (magenta) is oxidized.

• Combination Circuits

  • For more complicated combination circuits, various parts can be identified as series or parallel, reduced to their equivalents, and then further reduced until a single resistance is left, as shown in .
  • Reducing those parallel resistors into a single R value allows us to visualize the circuit in a more simplified manner.
  • We can further reduce that to another R value by adding them.
  • Reducing those highlights that the last two are in series, and thus can be reduced to a single resistance value for the entire circuit.
  • Each is identified and reduced to an equivalent resistance, and these are further reduced until a single equivalent resistance is reached.

• Promoting Free Trade

  • Government can promote free trade by reducing tariffs, quotas, and non-tariff barriers.
  • Bilateral promotion of free trade is when two countries come to an agreement to reduce barriers together.
  • This solves the problem of one country giving the benefit of reduced barriers to foreign exporters without any promise of similar benefits in return.
  • Multilateral promotion of free trade is when a group of countries agree to reduce their barriers together.
  • There are a number of reasons why governments place tariffs or other barriers to free trade, but they necessarily reduce overall societal welfare.