Examples of Street-level bureaucracy in the following topics:
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- A bureaucracy is an organization of non-elected officials who implements the rules, laws, and functions of their institution.
- As opposed to bureaucrats carrying out "desk jobs," street-level bureaucracy is the subset of a public agency or government institution containing the individuals who carry out and enforce the actions required by laws and public policies.
- Street-level bureaucracy is accompanied by the idea that these individuals vary the extents to which they enforce the rules and laws assigned to them.
- The concept of street-level bureaucracy was first coined by Michael Lipsky in 1980, who argued that "policy implementation in the end comes down to the people who actually implement it".
- Street-level bureaucrats include police officers, firefighters, and other individuals, who on a daily basis interact with regular citizens and provide the force behind the given rules and laws in their areas of expertise.
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- The size of federal bureaucracy has been steady despite the government's claims of cutting the role of government.
- The reliance on mandates and contracts have resulted in fewer civil servants directly interacting with the public as much as street-level bureaucrats.
- The number of layers between the president and street-level bureaucrats swelled from 17 in 1960 to 32 in 1992.
- As a result, much of federal bureaucracy now consists of "managers managing managers. "
- Throughout the 20th century, presidents have changed the size of bureaucracies at the federal level.
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- Bureaucracies have different type of models, depending upon their governmental organizational structure.
- This is what's called an acquisition model of bureaucracy.
- It was Weber who began the studies of bureaucracy and whose works led to the popularisation of this term.
- The Department of Defense is allocated the highest level of budgetary resources among all Federal agencies, amounting to more than one half of the annual Federal discretionary budget.
- Compare and contrast the different types of authority according to Max Weber and how these relate to bureaucracy
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- Bureaucracy is a type of organizational or institutional management that is, as Weber understood it, rooted in legal-rational authority.
- An example of bureaucracy would be the forms used to pay one's income taxes - they require specific information and procedures to fill them out.
- Weber did believe bureaucracy was the most rational form of institutional governance, but because Weber viewed rationalization as the driving force of society, he believed bureaucracy would increase until it ruled society.
- Society, for Weber, would become almost synonymous with bureaucracy.
- In Hawaii, this function is done at the county level.
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- Public and private bureaucracies both influence each other in terms of laws and regulations because they are mutually dependent.
- Galbraith paints the picture of stepping from penthouse villas onto unpaved streets, from landscaped gardens to unkempt public parks.
- Today, the formation of private bureaucracies within the private corporate entities has created their own regulations and practices.
- Its organizational structure can be compared to that of a public bureaucracy.
- However, private bureaucracies still have to comply with public regulations imposed by the government.
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- The best way to avoid or resolve problems in this third category is to understand how bureaucracies operate.
- Max Weber, the first great writer to discuss bureaucracies, identified five features of classical bureaucracy and described unintended dysfunctions of each.
- Hierarchy is a systematic set of relationships among different levels of an organization.
- The inevitable result of improved and enlarged communications between different levels in a hierarchy is a vastly increased area of misunderstanding. ~ Anonymous
- Dysfunctions: The primary problem with career orientation in bureaucracy is that seniority and achievement don't always coincide.
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- Micro-level aggression can be subtler than outright discrimination like racial slurs.
- In modern society, all formal organizations are, or likely will become, bureaucracies.
- There are several positive aspects of bureaucracies.
- Even after desegregation, black students faced intense racism in mixed schools, and minority students continue to face institutional racism and discrimination on the level of micro-interactions.
- These needs formed the basis for school bureaucracies today.
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- Americans vote for candidates whom they believe have their best interests in mind; American political candidates (and the bureaucracy they marshall) seek to implement policies that will support the welfare of the American public.
- Following the stock market crash of 1929, President Roosevelt invested unprecedented governmental funds into the expansion of the executive bureaucracy in order to employ Americans and mitigate the extreme financial decline of the era.
- He did so through the establishment of programs such as Medicare and Medicaid-- federal programs that exist to the present day that ensure certain levels of health care coverage for America's poor and elderly.The Great Society initiative further established educational programs such as the National Endowment for the Arts and generally deployed the executive bureaucracy to better welfare programs for the American public at large.
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- Recently, some sociologists have been taking a different approach to sociological theory by employing an integrationist approach - combining micro- and macro-level theories to provide a comprehensive understanding of human social behavior (while these studies rarely cite Symbolic Interaction Theory, most of their models are based heavily upon Herbert Blumer's initial elaboration of Symbolic Interaction in relation to social institutions).
- Ritzer proposes four highly interdependent elements in his sociological model: a macro-objective component (e.g., society, law, bureaucracy), a micro-objective component (e.g., patterns of behavior and human interaction), a macro-subjective component (e.g., culture, norms, and values), and a micro-subjective component (e.g., perceptions, beliefs).
- This model is of particular use in understanding society because it uses two axes: one ranging from objective (society) to subjective (culture and cultural interpretation); the other ranging from the macro-level (norms) to the micro-level (individual level beliefs).
- The model also shows that individual level values, beliefs, and behaviors influence macro-level culture.
- This would indicate that there are multiple levels of influence involved in art tastes – both broad cultural norms and smaller level occupational norms in addition to personal preferences.
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- The Wall Street Crash of 1929, also known as the Great Crash and the Stock Market Crash of 1929, was the most devastating stock market crash in the history of the United States, taking into consideration the full extent and duration of its fallout.
- The Wall Street Crash had a major impact on the U.S. and world economy, and it has been the source of intense academic debate from its aftermath until the present day.
- Many academics see the Wall Street Crash of 1929 as part of a historical process that was a part of the new theories of boom and bust.
- The impact of the crash was merely to increase the speed at which the cycle proceeded to its next level.
- Discuss the causes and consequences of the 1929 Wall Street crash