super pacs

Examples of super pacs in the following topics:

• PACs and Campaigns

  • According to data from the Center for Responsive Politics, the top 100 individual super PAC donors in 2011–2012 made up just 3.7% of contributors, but accounted for more than 80% of the total money raised, while less than 0.5% of the money given to "the most active Super PACs" was donated by publicly traded corporations.
  • Super PACs may support particular candidacies.
  • In the 2012 election campaign, most of the money given to super PACs has come not from corporations but from wealthy individuals.
  • It was generally agreed in the 2012 campaign that the formation of a super PAC and the acceptance of large contributions was legal.
  • However, a lingering question was whether super PACs are legal when examined on the basis of how they act.

• Interest Groups, Lobbyists, and PACs

  • They are officially known as independent expenditure-only committees, but better known as Super PACs .
  • Before the campaigns even ended, the Super PACs had outspent the top ten PACs from 2008 by at least tenfold.
  • A large majority of Super PAC donations also come from wealthy individual donors.
  • By October 2012, the top 100 individual Super PAC donors donated 80% of all Super PAC funds, yet made up fewer than 4% of all donors.
  • Critics of Super PACs are concerned that these groups can, in effect, "buy" elections.

• Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission

  • In the 2012 presidential election, super PACs have played a major role, spending more than the candidates' election campaigns in the Republican primaries.
  • As of early April 2012, Restore Our Future—a Super PAC usually described as having been created to help Mitt Romney's presidential campaign—has spent $40 million.
  • Federal Election Commission has often been credited for the creation of "super PACs", political action committees which make no contributions to candidates or parties and so can accept unlimited contributions from individuals, corporations, and unions.
  • In the 2012 presidential election, super PACs have played a major role, spending more than the candidates' election campaigns in the Republican primaries.
  • As of early April 2012, Restore Our Future—a Super PAC usually described as having been created to help Mitt Romney's presidential campaign—has spent $40 million.

• Presidential Candidates

  • Political action committees, commonly known as PACs, are groups of donors and advocates who band together to fund advertisements and events on behalf of candidates.
  • Federal Election Commission further paved the way for large campaign contributions by allowing unlimited contributions to so-called "super PACs," or political action committees that are not directly connected to candidates.
  • Super PACs generally support a candidate by attaining large contributions for expensive television ads.
  • Since they are not directly tied to candidates, super PACs often produce attack ads, or negative ads against opposing candidates, that the primary parties would not explicitly endorse.

• Sources of Campaign Funding

  • Federal law allows for multiple types of Political Action Committees, including connected PACs, nonconnected PACs, leadership PACs and Super PACs. 501(c)(4) organizations are defined by the IRS as "social welfare" organizations.
  • Technically, almost all political committees, including state, local, and federal candidate committees, traditional political action committees, "Super PACs", and political parties are "527s. " However, in common practice the term is usually applied only to such organizations that are not regulated under state or federal campaign finance laws because they do not "expressly advocate" for the election or defeat of a candidate or party.

• The General Election Campaign

  • In recent years, PACs or political action committees, have arisen to amass large funds and produce campaign advertisements on behalf of their favored candidates.
  • A 2010 Supreme Court decision in the case known as Citizens United further paved the way for PACs to exert a large influence in general elections.
  • According to Citizens United, contributions to PACs are not limited so long as the PACs are not directly affiliated with a candidate.
  • Consequently, the 2012 election has witnessed a rise of "super-PACs," political action committees with unprecedented purchasing power who have produced numerous expensive TV and print ads.

• Transpositional Symmetry

  • move to and establish a secondary key by means of a strong cadence (PAC), called the essential expositional closure (EEC); and
  • As in small ternary form, the exposition tends to end with a PAC in a secondary key (V:PAC in a major-key movement, III:PAC or v:PAC in a minor-key movement).
  • This PAC is called the essential expositional closure, or EEC.
  • This I:PAC is called the essential sonata closure, or ESC.
  • Both PACs and HCs, in the home key or in a secondary key, can function as medial caesurae.

• Intervallic Structure

  • A third-level default would be V:PAC MC or III:PAC MC.
  • A fourth-level default would be a I:PAC MC.
  • Often the strongest PAC in the dominant is not the EEC.
  • It is not optional, and it is always in the home key—a I:PAC.
  • A fully closed P theme will end with an authentic cadence, preferably a PAC.

• Capacity decisions

  • In 2007, Airbus introduced its Super Jumbo Jet that carries up to 850 passengers and costs USD 3 billion.
  • The Super Jumbo provides huge amounts of passenger carrying capacity, but before an airline purchases this jet, it needs to decide if it has enough passengers to generate the revenue to pay for the plane and earn profits for the airline.
  • A large single airplane like the Super Jumbo may not be the right capacity decision for an airline that serves numerous medium sized cities.
  • On the other hand, an airline that serves passengers traveling between New York City, USA and Shanghai, China might find the Super Jumbo to be a perfect choice for meeting demand because of the large populations in each city.

• Modular 12 Arithmetic

  • Just as in a regular period, the first theme ends in a weak cadence (most often HC) and the second theme ends in a strong(er) cadence (most often PAC).
  • The first type of compound period is comprised of two sentences: the first ends with an HC or (less frequently) an IAC, and the second ends with a PAC.
  • Also, note that though the theme modulates, the second cadence, a PAC in the key of the dominant, is stronger than the first cadence, a HC in the home key.
  • For the purposes of antecedent-consequent relationships, a PAC is always stronger than a HC or IAC, even if it is in another key.