Examples of surface receptor in the following topics:
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- Ligand binding to cell-surface receptors activates the receptor's intracellular components setting off a signaling pathway or cascade.
- Ligands that interact with cell-surface receptors do not have to enter the cell that they affect.
- Cell-surface receptors are involved in most of the signaling in multicellular organisms.
- There are three general categories of cell-surface receptors: ion channel-linked receptors, G-protein-linked receptors, and enzyme-linked receptors.
- Enzyme-linked receptors are cell-surface receptors with intracellular domains that are associated with an enzyme.
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- Receptors are protein molecules in the target cell or on its surface that bind ligands.
- There are two types of receptors: internal receptors and cell-surface receptors.
- Cell-surface receptors, also known as transmembrane receptors, are cell surface, membrane-anchored, or integral proteins that bind to external ligand molecules.
- There are three general categories of cell-surface receptors: ion channel-linked receptors, G-protein-linked receptors, and enzyme-linked receptors.
- Enzyme-linked receptors are cell-surface receptors with intracellular domains that are associated with an enzyme.
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- Hormones that cannot diffuse through the plasma membrane instead bind to receptors on the cell surface, triggering intracellular events.
- Lipid-insoluble hormones bind to receptors on the outer surface of the plasma membrane, via plasma membrane hormone receptors.
- Binding of these hormones to a cell surface receptor results in activation of a signaling pathway; this triggers intracellular activity to carry out the specific effects associated with the hormone.
- In this way, nothing passes through the cell membrane; the hormone that binds at the surface remains at the surface of the cell while the intracellular product remains inside the cell.
- When a hormone binds to its membrane receptor, a G protein that is associated with the receptor is activated.
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- Hormones mediate changes in target cells by binding to specific hormone receptors.
- Cells can have many receptors for the same hormone, but often also possess receptors for different types of hormones.
- Cells respond to a hormone when they express a specific receptor for that hormone.
- Depending on the location of the protein receptor on the target cell and the chemical structure of the hormone, hormones can mediate changes directly by binding to intracellular hormone receptors and modulating gene transcription, or indirectly by binding to cell surface receptors and stimulating signaling pathways.
- The hormone insulin binds to its receptor (1), which starts many protein activation cascades (2).
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- Attachment is a specific binding between viral capsid proteins and specific receptors on the host cellular surface.
- Attachment is a specific binding between viral capsid proteins and specific receptors on the host cellular surface.
- This is because its surface protein, gp120, specifically interacts with the CD4 molecule, a chemokine receptor, which is most commonly found on the surface of CD4+ T-Cells.
- Attachment to the receptor can induce the viral envelope protein to undergo changes that results in the fusion of viral and cellular membranes, or changes of non-enveloped virus surface proteins that allow the virus to enter.
- Penetration follows attachment: Virions enter the host cell through receptor-mediated endocytosis or membrane fusion.
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- The T Cell Receptor (TCR) found on the surface of T cells is responsible for recognizing antigens.
- MHC molecules and peptides form complexes on the surface of antigen presenting cells (APCs).
- The receptor that recognizes these peptide-MHC complexes is called the T Cell Receptor (TCR).
- T cells also express other membrane receptors that do not recognize antigens but participate in responses to antigens; these are collectively called 'accessory molecules'.
- T cell receptor consists of alpha and beta chains, a transmembrane domain, and a cytoplasmic region.
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- Sensory receptors can be classified by the type of stimulus that generates a response in the receptor.
- Cutaneous receptors are
sensory receptors found in the dermis or epidermis.
- Somatic sensory receptors near the surface of the skin
can usually be divided into two groups based on morphology:
- Encapsulated receptors consist of the remaining types of cutaneous
receptors.
- A tonic receptor is a sensory receptor that
adapts slowly to a stimulus, while a phasic receptor is a sensory receptor that
adapts rapidly to a stimulus.
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- Receptors that can directly influence gene expression are termed nuclear receptors.
- Type I nuclear receptors are located in the cytosol.
- Type II receptors are retained in the nucleus.
- For lipophobic hormones that cannot pass the cellular membrane, activity is mediated and amplified within a cell by the action of second messenger mechanisms (molecules that relay signals from receptors on the cell surface to target molecules inside the cell in the cytoplasm or nucleus).
- Most hormone receptors are G protein-coupled receptors.
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- The nociceptive receptors (those that detect pain) are located near the surface.
- Both the upper and lower layers of the skin hold rapidly- and slowly-adapting receptors.
- Receptors with large receptive fields usually have a "hot spot": an area within the receptive field (usually in the center, directly over the receptor) where stimulation produces the most intense response.
- The size of the receptive field of a single receptor could be estimated from that distance.
- Structure of four different types of sensory receptors found within the sensory system.
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- If a substance does not release molecules into the air from its surface, it has no smell.
- In addition to the activation of the taste receptors, there are similar receptors within the nose that coordinates with activation of the taste receptors.
- Humans detect taste using receptors called taste buds.
- Uniform distribution of taste receptors (the myth of the tongue map)
- Humans detect taste using receptors called taste buds.